Construction & Demolition Waste Management: RD 105/2008 Guide
Theme 2: Building Activity and the Environment
2.1 Management of Construction Environmental Works. Royal Decree 105/2008
1. Introduction
Council Directive 91/156/EEC of 18 March 1991, by amending Council Directive 75/442/EEC on waste.
1. Phases of Production
Reduction of waste production at each stage of the process. Apply the principle of responsibility for the proper management of waste who generates (in the project and implementation).
According to the RD 105/2008 Production and Management of Construction
Read MoreIntroduction to Soil Science and Geology
Soil Formation and Characteristics
Factors Involved in Soil Formation
Climate, organisms, the overall water balance, time, bedrock, slope, and orientation are all crucial factors in soil formation.
Soil from a Pedological Viewpoint
Soil is a surface layer formed naturally, harboring living material and developing on vegetative cover. It consists of mineral and organic fractions.
Soil Structure
Soil is structured in horizons from the surface to the bedrock. These horizons, differing in composition, structure,
Read MoreIntroduction to Soil Science and Physical Geography
Factors Involved in Soil Formation
Climate, organisms, the overall water balance, time, bedrock, slope, and orientation all contribute to soil formation.
What is Soil from a Pedological Viewpoint?
Soil is a surface layer formed through natural processes. It develops on vegetation cover and consists of mineral and organic fractions. This ground surface layer forms on continents and serves as a foundation for terrestrial life.
What is Soil Structure?
Soil is structured in a series of horizontal layers
Read MoreMetalworking Processes and Techniques
Temper
Tempering includes 3 phases:
- Heating to a temperature below the critical temperature Ac
- Keeping time approx. 1 hour
- Cooling of the air
This treatment is given to steels that have undergone treatment. It has 2 functions:
- Remove tensions
- Increase toughness
This causes a change in mechanical properties, and increases:
- The elongation at fracture
- The necking and density
It also causes a drop in:
- The tensile strength
- Yield strength
- Hardness
Sintering
Sintering involves heating compressed pieces to achieve a complete
Read MoreEnvironmental Challenges: Pollution, Climate Change & Biodiversity Loss
Water Pollution
Industrial discharge, urban runoff, agricultural practices, and livestock are the main pollutants of freshwater sources, both surface and subterranean. Millions of tonnes of waste accumulate, impacting these vital resources.
- Agricultural areas contribute to pollution through ammonia and nitrate derivatives, fertilizer residues, and pesticides.
- Industries can release heavy metals and organochlorines, which are difficult to degrade and accumulate in living organisms, leading to biological
Sound, Noise & Waste Management: A Comprehensive Guide
Sound and Noise
What is Sound?
Sound is produced by mechanical vibrations on a solid surface, causing displacement of particles in the surrounding environment. This displacement creates pressure fluctuations that propagate as waves. Audible sound is detected by the human ear within a frequency range of 20 to 20,000 cycles per second (Hz).
Relationship Between Frequency and Wavelength
The relationship between frequency (v) and wavelength (λ) is: v = λf, where λ represents the wavelength in meters.
Read More