Magmatic Ore Deposits: Carbonatites, Pegmatites, and Sulfides
Magmatic Ore Deposits
Carbonatites
Carbonatites are the only rocks on Earth that are composed of molten carbonates. These are mantle-derived molten carbonates, meaning that somewhere in the mantle underneath volcanoes in some rare areas of the planet, there is enough carbonate around so that when the mantle evolves and comes to the surface, it is composed of pure calcite. Oldoinyo Lengai is the only carbonatite volcano on Earth, located in the mountains of East Africa. Multiple generations of carbonatites
Read MoreFluvial Deposits and River Classification
Rivers
a. General Concepts
Fluvial deposits comprise about 30% of all sedimentary deposits on earth. They can form successions of several kilometers in thickness, especially in distal environments such as alluvial and coastal plains.
The channel pattern of rivers can be single or multiple and is described according to the sinuosity index, which is the thalweg length divided by the valley length.
b. Classification
i) Single-Channel Straight Streams
Single-channel straight streams have a sinuosity index
Read MoreA Comprehensive Guide to Wheat, Rapeseed-Mustard, Lentil, Sunflower, Tobacco, and Barley Cultivation
(a) Classification of Wheat
Scientific Name
Triticum aestivum
- Family: Poaceae (Grass family)
- Genus: Triticum
- Species: aestivum
Wheat Species Grown in India
- Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum Schuh L.)
- Macaroni wheat (Triticum durum des/)
- Common bread wheat (T. vulgare Hist)
- Indian dwarf wheat (Triticum spherococcum Mihi)
- Mexican dwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum)
(b) Discussion on Wheat Management
Agro-techniques for Wheat Cultivation
- Climate and Soil
- Temperature Requirement: GDD (Growing Degree Day) – 14750 -16000C
- Rainfall:
Energy and Climate Change Glossary
1. 1.5 Degree Warming Target
An often-quoted consensus on the limit of what we should view as acceptable warming.
2. 235U
Isotope primarily used for nuclear power. Found in low levels within rock, soil, and water.
3. Abundance of Energy Sources
Includes solar, wind, global fossil fuel consumption, biomass, geothermal, and hydro.
4. Adaptation
Deals with the consequences of climate change. Examples include relocating affected populations, increasing water conservation, and restoring critical habitat.
5.
Read MoreHeat Treatments in Metallurgy: Processes and Techniques
Heat Treatments in Metallurgy
Heat treatments are metallurgical processes aimed at regenerating or modifying the crystalline structure of metals by heating and cooling them at strictly controlled temperatures and times.
Annealing
Annealing consists of heating the metal to temperatures above its critical point and then cooling it slowly. This process eliminates internal stress and regenerates the metal’s structure, which may have been affected by previous improper cooling. However, it leaves the material
Read MoreConventional & Non-Conventional Energy Sources: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Applications
Conventional Energy Sources
Conventional energy sources include coal, lignite, oil, natural gas, hydroelectric, and nuclear fuels. These sources are generally non-renewable, finite, and can cause pollution when used.
Examples:
- Coal
- Natural gas
- Petroleum
Non-Conventional Energy Sources
Non-conventional energy sources include solar, wind, geothermal, tidal, and biomass energy. These sources are renewable, inexhaustible, and environmentally friendly.
Examples:
- Solar energy
- Wind energy
- Geothermal energy