Natural Disasters and Public Works
Earthquakes
Primary Waves (P-waves)
P-waves, or longitudinal waves, are oscillations where solid particles move in the same direction as wave propagation, with speeds between 6 and 13.6 km/s.
Secondary Waves (S-waves)
S-waves, or shear waves, arrive second, producing particle vibrations perpendicular to wave propagation, with speeds between 3.7 and 7.2 km/s.
Magnitude
The energy released during an earthquake.
Intensity
The effect of an earthquake on structures and people, measured by the Seismic Intensity
Read MoreExploring Earth’s Atmosphere: Layers, Variables, and Phenomena
Earth’s Atmosphere
Atmospheric Layers
The atmosphere extends up to 1000 km from Earth’s surface and is divided into five layers:
- Troposphere: Extends approximately 13 km in altitude, with varying thickness (16 km at the equator, 7.8 km at the poles). Contains water vapor and is where most weather phenomena occur. Temperature decreases 6.5°C per 1000 m. The tropopause marks the transition to the stratosphere and is associated with the jet stream.
- Stratosphere: Extends from 13 km to 50 km in altitude.
Construction & Demolition Waste: Definitions & Management
Construction & Demolition Waste
Definitions and Categories
According to Law 10/1998 on waste, waste is defined as any substance or object belonging to categories listed in the Act’s annex and discarded or intended for discard by the holder. The European Waste Catalogue (EWC) provides further categorization.
Waste Categories (Law 10/1998):
- Q1: Production or consumption not specified below.
- Q2: Substandard products.
- Q3: Expired products.
- Q4: Accidentally spilled or contaminated materials.
- Q5: Materials
Construction and Demolition Waste: Definitions, Categories, and Management
DEFINITION OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE (RCD)
According to Law 10/1998 on waste, waste is any substance or object belonging to any of the categories listed in the annex of the Act, which the holder discards or has the intention or obligation to discard. In any case, this consideration will include those contained in the European Waste Catalogue (EWC European Waste List or RSI), approved by the Community institutions.
Categories of waste according to Law 10/1998 annexed
Waste
- Production or consumption
Construction and Demolition Waste: Definitions and Management
DEFINITION OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE (RCD)
According to Law 10/1998 on waste, waste is any substance or object belonging to any of the categories listed in the annex of the Act, which the holder discards or has the intention or obligation to discard. In any case, this consideration will include those contained in the European Waste Catalogue (EWC European Waste List or RSI), approved by the Community institutions.
Categories of waste according to Law 10/1998 annexed
Waste
- Q1 Production or
Construction and Demolition Waste: Definitions and Management
DEFINITION OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE (RCD)
According to Law 10/1998 on waste, waste is any substance or object belonging to any of the categories listed in the annex of the Act, which the holder discards or has the intention or obligation to discard. In any case, this consideration will include those contained in the European Waste Catalogue (EWC European Waste List or RSI), approved by the Community institutions.
Categories of waste according to Law 10/1998 annexed
Waste
- Q1 Production or