History of the Iberian Peninsula: Roman to Al-Andalus
Roman Conquest of Iberia
The Roman intervention in the Peninsula began in the wake of the Second Punic War, pitting Romans against Carthaginians. Roman troops secured alliances with Iberian tribes, and their victory over the Carthaginians marked the start of the conquest.
Stages of Roman Conquest
- Stage 1: Rome quickly gained control of the Iberian area, the Mediterranean coast, and the Andalusian coast, largely through agreements and treaties with indigenous peoples.
- Stage 2: Rome conquered the plateau
The Final Days of St Kilda: A Remote Scottish Community’s Relocation
By Ingles
One hundred and ten miles (176 km) off the west coast of Scotland lies a small group of volcanic islands. They are variously called Hirta, Boreray, and other local names, but together they are known as St Kilda. Their cliffs rise more than four hundred meters (one thousand four hundred feet) above the grey water and are home to over a million seabirds. Until 1930, they also supported a small colony of Scottish-speaking people whose community had survived for more than two thousand years.
Read MoreThe Age of Enlightenment: Ideas, Politics, and Economy
The Age of Enlightenment
The Old Regime
The term Old Regime was initially used by revolutionaries to describe the era preceding the French Revolution. Historians later adopted it to characterize the period between the 15th and 18th centuries.
The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was an ideological movement that emerged in opposition to the ideas of the Old Regime. It proposed:
- Faith in human reason
- Promotion of scientific advancements
- Criticism of the Old Regime
Dissemination of Enlightenment Ideas
Enlightenment
Read MoreLouis XIV’s Absolute Monarchy and 17th Century European Power
Absolutism in 17th Century Europe
In the 17th century, European monarchs sought to impose absolutism, also known as the divine right of kings. They believed that God had given them their power and that they were His representatives on Earth. This conviction granted them the right to exercise unlimited power. The monarch controlled all branches of the State: he passed laws, governed, and served as the supreme judge.
Louis XIV: The Sun King (1643-1715)
Louis XIV, known as the Sun King (1643-1715), was
Read MoreThe Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Society and Economy
1. Why Did Britain Become the First Industrialized Country? Because of the political system, population growth, abundance of resources and raw materials, transport, and their colonial empire.
- Hydropower
- Use of coal to produce steam power = Watt steam machine
The Industrial Revolution: Economic Shifts and Technological Advancements
The Industrial Revolution: Early Foundations
In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Europe experienced a recovery of agriculture and trade. The fourteenth century brought a crisis that weakened feudal lords and led to the emergence of employees and small farmers. Monarchs struggled for power with feudal lords. From the sixteenth century, silver from Peru was distributed through looting, war, and trade. Monarchs had to resort to bankers for expenses. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,
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