Spain’s Road and Rail Transport Networks

Road Network in Spain

The road network connects the various villages, making it a key infrastructure for accessibility and organization of the territory.

Features:

  • The network has a radial design, centered in Madrid. This model was started in the eighteenth century by the Bourbons. Since 1960, the road network was modernized and expanded, favoring a centralized model connecting the capital with the main peripheral areas.
  • Powers over the network are shared with the state: the state network links the
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Key Economic Shifts in Modern History

Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution

Western Europe was split into Catholics and Protestants. The Protestant Reformation positively affected literacy and political, religious, and economic freedom.

Conditions Favoring Industrialization

There was a commercial boom in Great Britain due to:

  • England had one of the highest wage rates in Europe.
  • Agricultural productivity had increased, and less than 50% of the labour force was in agriculture.

This boom fueled demand.

While the English Crown exercised absolute

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Territorial Development and Logistics in Catalonia

Equilibrium and Territorial Development: 4 Axes

4.1 Logistics Centers and Territorial Equilibrium

Logistics centers are necessary to ensure useful goods reach their destination. Due to its geographical situation, Catalonia has always been a land passage between Europe, the Iberian Peninsula, and North Africa, thus facilitating trade and the transit of goods and people.

This fact, combined with its strong industrial activity, encourages Catalonia to be a first-class logistics center in the European

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Spain’s Diverse Landscapes and Ecosystems

Landscapes and Environment in Spain

Ecosystems and Biodiversity

Living beings are distributed throughout Spain. The diversity in relief and climates results in a wide variety of ecosystems.

An ecosystem is the whole, the interrelation of all the creatures that live in a particular area, comprising biotic components and abiotic elements within an environment.

These ecosystems exhibit high biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variety of creatures that live on planet Earth or within a determined region. This

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Key Demographic Concepts and Historical Terms

Demographic Concepts

Population
A group of people inhabiting a specific territory.
Demography
The scientific study of human populations, including their size, structure, and distribution.
Population Density
The number of inhabitants per square kilometer (inhabitants/km2) within a territory, calculated assuming the population is evenly distributed.
Census
An official count or survey of a population, typically conducted by governments every 10 years, collecting detailed demographic data.
Register Office (Municipal
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19th Century Capitalism, Depression, and Imperialism

19th Century Capitalist Economy Cycles

The capitalist economy is characterized by cycles of high industrial production followed by crises. These crises often result from excessive industrial production, creating more goods than the market can absorb for consumption. Consequently, prices fall, profits decrease, and unemployment rises.

The Great Depression of 1873-1896

The economic crisis beginning in 1873, known as the Great Depression (1873-1896), was the first major depression under capitalism. Millions

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