18th Century Europe: Economy, Society, and Politics
The International Panorama
Continental Hegemony
Until the mid-17th century, continental hegemony belonged to the House of Austria and the Habsburgs. This dominance was challenged by France and other European states, leading to numerous wars against the Spanish monarchy. These conflicts resulted in Spain’s loss of its European possessions and continental hegemony, which shifted to France under Louis XIV.
Colonial Hegemony
During the 16th century, colonial hegemony belonged to Portugal and Spain. Thanks
Read MoreIntroduction to Economics
Economic Activities
Economic activities are processes used to obtain goods and services to satisfy human needs and wants (food, health, education, etc.). These activities are comprised of three phases:
- Production: Goods are created.
- Distribution: Goods are taken from producers to consumers.
- Consumption: Goods are bought and used.
Economic Sectors
There are three main economic sectors:
- Primary Sector: Obtains goods and raw materials from the environment. Its main activities include agriculture, farming,
Land Occupation & Social Structures in Medieval Spain
P.2: Forms of Land Occupation and its Influence on Property Structure. Reforestation and Models of Social Organization
3.1. Feudalism and Restocking
The Iberian Peninsula’s average age was marked by the introduction of feudalism. This system was characterized by a largely agrarian economy where the nobility and the Church held property, while peasants performed the labor.
The lords forced peasants into personal service, primarily involving land cultivation and various payments.
The implementation of
Read MoreSustainable Forest Management: Balancing Use and Preservation
Sustainable use of forests
The sustainable use of forests is:
Increase the efficiency of industries, improving transport networks and eliminate the waste of wood.
Reduce paper usage and increase recycling.
Reduce fuel consumption by replacing traditional stoves, which have a yield of 10%, with more efficient ones made of materials available locally and cheaper.
Increase forest plantation high performance, designed to produce for human consumption on marginal lands or over-exploited.
Read MoreBiodiversity: Concepts, Levels, and Threats
1. Concept and Levels of Biodiversity
What is Biodiversity?
In 1988, biologist Edward O. Wilson coined the term “biodiversity” to describe the variety of life on Earth. This concept encompasses three main aspects:
- Genetic Diversity: The variability in the genetic information within individuals of the same species.
- Species Diversity: The number and variety of species present in a specific region or across the biosphere.
- Ecosystem Diversity: The variety of biological communities and their interactions
Demography Vocabulary: A Comprehensive Guide
Demography Vocabulary
Key Terms and Concepts
B
Baby Boom
A period of strong population growth due to a dramatic rise in the birth rate. For example, Spain experienced a baby boom in the 1960s.
Birth Rate
The number of births per thousand women of childbearing age (15-49 years) over a specific period, usually one year, in a given territory. Also known as the fertility rate.
Crude Birth Rate
Calculated by dividing the number of births in a year by the estimated average population for that year, multiplied
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