American Transformation: Civil War, Reconstruction, and Industrialization
The Civil War: Causes, Conflicts, and Consequences
Union vs. Confederacy
- Union (North): Strong central government; sought to abolish slavery. Possessed many more factories, people, and railroads.
- Confederacy (South): Sought limited central government; wanted to maintain the institution of slavery.
Causes of the Civil War
- Slavery
- Balance of power conflicts (state vs. federal rights)
- Economic differences (Industrial North vs. Agrarian South)
Key Pre-War and War Legislation
- Fugitive Slave Act: Law requiring
Key Terms in Agriculture, Environment, and Fisheries
Environmental and Fishing Terminology
- European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD): Funds rural development programs.
- Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Fisheries: Jurisdictional waters or the area over which a state has exclusive fishing rights.
- Biological Rest Periods: Temporary cessation of fishing in areas with overfishing problems to allow resources to recover.
- Noise Pollution: The presence of noise and vibrations in the environment that cause discomfort, risk, or harm to people, or which
The Industrial Revolutions: Causes, Technology, and Global Impact
The First Industrial Revolution (1760–1840)
Key Factors Driving Industrialization
Demographic Revolution and Population Growth
Until the eighteenth century, the European population grew slowly, characterized by very high birth and death rates. Starting in the 18th century, birth rates remained high, but mortality rates dropped significantly, leading to a demographic revolution. This advanced the economy because it increased consumption.
Agricultural Expansion and Innovation
With the increasing population,
Read MoreSpanish Economic Transformation 1900-1933: Industry and Infrastructure
Industrial Developments in Early 20th Century Spain
Energy and Technological Change
Among the factors driving changes in the Spanish economy in the first third of the twentieth century, the use of new energy sources, with the spread of electricity and oil, stands out. On one hand, the commercial use of electricity and its application in transportation opened up the possibility of mechanized industrial production, with a consequent reduction in manufacturing costs. The progress of electrification in
Read MoreSpanish Social and Economic Conflicts (1898–1931)
The Agrarian Sector and Rural Social Conflict
Economic Transformation and Productivity
The Spanish agricultural economy transitioned from a subsistence model toward a market economy. Labor productivity increased due to factors such as the period following World War I (1914–1918), the reduction of fallow land, the introduction of irrigation, chemical fertilizers, and crop diversification.
Land Tenure Structure
The structure of land ownership varied regionally:
- Latifundia (Estates): Predominant in Western
Global Industrial Regions and Industry Classification
Global Industrial Regions and Manufacturing Centers
The European Union: A Major Industrial Region
Origins:
- It began in England.
- Spread to Belgium, France, and Germany.
- It became the most industrialized region during the 19th and 20th centuries.
Features:
- Industrially diverse.
- Skilled workforce.
- Large infrastructure networks (transport, telecommunications).
- Large markets.
- Improving cutting-edge technology.
Areas:
The Blue Banana: Urban Industrial Corridor
This corridor runs from Northwest England to North Italy
Read More