Globalization: Causes, Effects and Major Economic Powers
What Is Globalization?
What is globalization? It refers to the process of increasing interdependence of the world’s economies and societies.
Characteristics of the Globalized Economy
- Huge expansion of international trade
- Business concentration — firms merge to become more competitive
- Global organization of production — companies distribute phases of production among different locations to save money. This is called outsourcing.
- Large multinational companies — they have an international dimension
Industrial Revolution Impacts: Economic, Social, Demographic & Environmental Effects
Industrial Revolution: Key Consequences
Economic Consequences
The Industrial Revolution had deep economic, social, demographic, and environmental consequences. Economically, production increased enormously. Goods were produced faster, more cheaply, and in larger quantities. This led to the creation of factories, rapid economic growth, and the development of the banking system. Capitalism became the dominant economic system, and colonialism expanded to obtain raw materials and markets.
Social Consequences
Social
Read MoreEuropean Imperialism in Africa: Exploitation and Impact
European imperialism in Africa during the late nineteenth century had both positive and negative effects, but it was mostly harmful to African societies. Although European nations claimed imperialism brought progress and civilization, imperialism mainly led to economic exploitation, loss of land, and violence for Africans, while benefiting European powers. Overall, imperialism was designed to serve European interests, not to improve the lives of African people.
Major Effects: Resource Exploitation
One
Read MorePopulation Growth, Regulation & Biodiversity Conservation
Population Growth and Regulation
📈 Population: Growth and regulation
Population ecology studies the factors that affect the size, distribution, density, and age structure of populations. Population size is dynamic, influenced by inputs and outputs.
Population Growth
The size of a population (P_t) at a given time (t) is determined by four fundamental factors:
Where:
P_0is the initial population size.Nis natality (birth rate / number of births).Iis immigration (inward movement of individuals).Mis
India’s Major Environmental Laws: Wildlife, Forest, Air, Water
1. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 was enacted to protect wild animals, birds, and plants and to ensure ecological and environmental security in India. The Act provides for the creation of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, conservation reserves, and community reserves. It prohibits hunting, poaching, and illegal trade of wildlife and wildlife products. The Act classifies species into six schedules, with Schedules I and II providing the highest level of
Read MoreEconomic Growth: Geography and Institutional Factors
Key Questions in Economic Development
Proximate and Ultimate Factors in Development
Ultimate factors are deep, underlying causes of development differences—things that shape history over thousands of years. Proximate factors are the immediate mechanisms through which these ultimate factors influence outcomes.
Examples of Ultimate Factors:
- Geography (climate, animals, crops)
- Continental orientation
- Disease environment
Examples of Proximate Factors:
- Technology
- Institutions (property rights, rule of law)
- Education