English Grammar Guide: Tenses, Voice, Conditionals, and More
English Grammar Guide
Verb Tenses
Present Simple
Used for habitual actions or routines.
- Affirmative: I/you work, he works
- Negative: Don’t/doesn’t work
- Interrogative: Do/does I/he work?
Signal words: Always, usually, generally, regularly, occasionally, frequently, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never, at 1 o’clock, at night, in the morning, on Fridays, every week, once a month, how often…?
Present Continuous
Used for actions happening now or planned future actions.
- Affirmative: I’m singing, you are singing,
Regular Verb Conjugation Chart: English to Spanish
Infinitive, Present Tense, Past Tense, Past Participle, Gerund, Spanish
| Infinitive | Present Tense | Past Tense | Past Participle | Gerund | Spanish |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| to open | opened | opened | opened | opening | abrir |
| to accept | accepted | accepted | accepted | accepting | aceptar |
| to love | loved | loved | loved | loving | amar |
| to learn | learned | learned | learned | learning | aprender |
| to hurry | hurried | hurried | hurried | hurrying | apresurarse |
| to dare | dared | dared | dared | daring | atreverse |
| to help | helped | helped | helped | helping | ayudar |
| to dance | danced | danced | danced | dancing | bailar |
| to erase | erased | erased | erased | erasing | borrar |
| to change | changed | changed | changed | changing | cambiar |
| to |
Common Irregular Verbs in English and Spanish
Infinitive | Simple Past | Past Participle | Spanish |
|---|---|---|---|
arise | arose | arisen | surgir |
be | was / were | been | ser |
beat | beat | beaten | golpear |
become | became | become | convertirse |
begin | began | begun | comenzar |
bet | bet/betted | bet/betted | apostar |
bite | bit | bitten | morder |
bleed | bled | bled | sangrar |
blow | blew | blown | soplar |
break | broke | broken | romper |
bring | brought | brought | traer |
build | built | built | construir |
buy | bought | bought | comprar |
catch | caught | caught | atrapar |
choose | chose | chosen | elegir |
come | came | come | venir |
cost | cost | cost | costar |
creep | crept | crept | arrastrarse |
cut | cut | cut | cortar |
deal | dealt | dealt | dar, repartir |
do | did | done | hacer |
draw | drew | drawn | dibujar |
dream | dreamt/ |
English Grammar: Tenses, Modals, Conditionals, and More
Passive Voice
- Present Simple (is/are + 3C): she cleans the house/ they sell = is cleaned by she/ are sold.
- Present Continuous (is/are being+3C): is cleaning = is being cleaned.
- Present Perfect Simple (has/have been +3C): has cleaned = has been cleaned
- Past Simple (was/were +3C): she cleaned = was cleaned
- Past Continuous (Was/were being +3C): was cleaning = was being cleaned
- Past Perfect Simple (has been +3C): had cleaned = had been cleaned
- Future Continuous (will be+3C): she will clean = will be cleaned
- Future
List of Books and Authors
Book Title | Author | Book Title | Author |
|---|---|---|---|
A Bend in the River | V.S. Naipaul | A Brush with Life | Satish Gujral |
A Conceptual Encyclopaedia of Guru Granth Sahib | S.S. Kohli | A Foreign Policy for India | I.K. Gujral |
A Fortune Teller Told Me | Tiziano Terzani | A Gender Lens on Social Psychology | Judith A. Howard and Jocelyn A. Hollander |
A General and His Army | Georgy Vladimov | A Himalayan Love Story | Namita Gokhale |
A Last Leap South | Vladimir Zhirinovsky | A Nation Flawed – Lesson from Indian History | P.N. Chopra |
A Peep into the Past | Vasant Navrekar | A |
English Grammar Review: Phonetics and Verb Tenses
Phonetics
English Pronunciation
Consonants
Voiced
ID: t/d T: p/k/f/gh/sh/ch/ss/c/x D: l/n/r/g/v/s/z/b/m/
Unvoiced
IZ: c/s/x/z/ss/ch/sh/ge S: p/t/kf/gh/ph Z: b/d/g/l/m/n/ng/r/v/vocales
Verb Tense Review
Present Perfect Continuous
We use the Present Perfect Continuous to describe an ongoing action that began in the past and continues in the present. It emphasizes the continuous nature of the action.
Example: It has been raining since last month. (Ha estado lloviendo toda la semana)
Past Continuous
We use the
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