Metal and Non-Metal Materials: Properties and Treatments
Metal and Non-Metal Materials
Metals
Corrosion, especially in metals like iron exposed to seawater, is a significant challenge. Different types of corrosion include:
- Intergranular corrosion: Occurs at the grain boundaries of the metal, leading to a loss of cohesion and internal destruction.
Ceramics
Crystalline Ceramics
Derived from fused silica, these ceramics possess high mechanical strength and temperature resistance. They are used in motors, infrared radiators, and bearings.
Non-Crystalline Ceramics
Amorphous
Read MoreAlternator Component Inspection: Rotor, Stator, Diodes & Brushes
Alternator Component Inspection
Essential checks before testing: Ensure all components are free from clay, dust, and grease. Conduct visual, mechanical, and electrical inspections.
Rotor Inspection
Visual and Mechanical: Verify the rotor, shaft, and collector rings are in good condition, without signs of damage, wear, or excessive play. The rings should have a smooth surface, free from scratches or cracks. If any anomalies are found, machine the rotor to a maximum eccentricity of 0.05mm, adhering to
Read MoreVehicle Suspension Systems: Stabilizer, Torsion, Panhard Bars & More
Vehicle Suspension Systems
The vehicle’s suspension system is crucial for handling and comfort. Here’s a breakdown of key components:
Stabilizer Bar
A U-shaped steel rod connecting the body and wheel suspension arms of each axle. Its primary function is to reduce body roll during cornering, enhancing vehicle stability.
Torsion Bar
A cylindrical steel rod fixed to the body on one end and the wheel’s trapeze on the other. It works by twisting under force and returning to its original shape due to elasticity.
Read MoreUnderstanding Transformers: Components, Operation, and Types
Transformers
Static electricity is a machine designed to operate with alternating current. It has two windings, primary and secondary, that can transform electrical energy at certain voltage and current (VI) magnitudes into others with different values.
Constructive Elements
A transformer consists of the following parts: core, windings, cooling system, and bushings.
Core
The core is the system that forms the magnetic circuit. It is made up of silicon steel sheets subjected to a special treatment called
Read MoreCutting Tool Materials: Performance and Selection Factors
Cutting Speed and Material Removal
It is apparent that more material can be removed by lowering the cutting speed. However, there are two important considerations:
- The economics of the machining process will be adversely affected if cutting speeds are low.
- Tool life curves can curve downward at low cutting speeds.
Consequently, there would be a specific cutting speed where material removal between tool changes is maximum.
Ceramic and Cermet vs. Carbide Cutting Tools
Ceramic and cermet cutting tools have
Read MoreUnderstanding Wood Finishes, Paints, and Coatings
Wood Finishes, Paints, and Coatings
Softwood (carpentry) and hardwoods (furniture) exhibit different compression resistance. Softwood resists compression better in the direction of the grain. The resistance to anisotropy in compression and flex is 3pl/2ab2.
Paint Components
Paintings consist of varnish, binder, diluent solvent, plasticizer, and pigment. Solvents dissolve the binder. Organic solvents include turpentine or distilled turpentine resin. Mineral solvents include water or hydrocarbon derivatives.
Read More