Metal Cutting Principles: Forces, Tool Wear, and Operations
Cutting Forces and Temperatures
The chip consists of a plastically deformed workpiece. The plastic deformation of the cut layer occurs under the action of a force which must be greater than the resistance of the metal to deformation and destruction.
Temperature: Heat is released during the cutting process as the cut layer is deformed and frictional processes take place in the cutting area. Almost all mechanical work (about 99%) to cut the chip is converted into heat, so the temperature during cutting
Read MoreMetal Forming and Machining Techniques
Metal Forming Techniques
When you want to obtain metal parts of complex geometry, melting and forming processes are used. This involves pouring the molten material into a mold containing the hollow shape of the object you want to create, and then letting it cool.
Deformation Techniques
These techniques consist of subjecting the material to continuous deformation until it reaches the desired size and shape. Examples include:
- Forging: A process by which a material, heated to an optimum temperature, undergoes
Semiconductors: Intrinsic, N-Type, P-Type, and PN Junctions Explained
Semiconductors: Intrinsic, N-Type, and P-Type
Intrinsic semiconductors are semiconductors with no impurities. They are characterized by having 4 electrons in the last layer of atoms and form a stable structure, binding to the neighboring atoms with covalent bonds, sharing 4 pairs of electrons.
Semiconductor N-Type
An N-type semiconductor is extrinsic, i.e., containing a number of impurities. If some atoms with 5 electrons in their last layer are added to a pure semiconductor (intrinsic), these atoms
Read MoreMastering Technical Terminology: Fasteners, Electricity, and Dimensional Accuracy
Technical Terminology: Fasteners, Electricity, and Dimensions
Prepositions and Common Phrases
Dependent Prepositions: zatia prep+noun
- In theory
- In practice
- In advance
- On purpose
- By heart
- At the latest
- By chance
- On the news (dia konkreto)
- In the news these days
- In a very bad mood
- In the end (at last, finally)
- By mistake
- For nothing
- On good terms
- On principle
- In principle
- In debt
- Against the law
- As a rule
Dimensional Accuracy
(Precision and tolerance, size, shaft, bolt)
- Allowed/Permissible: Acceptable
- Exact/Accurate/Precise:
Transmission Shafts: Types, Components, and Mounting
Item 6: Transmission Shafts
1. Shafts
Shafts are responsible for transmitting torque from the gearbox to the transfer case or differential. They are used in vehicles to transmit torque from front to rear or vice versa. In front-engine, front-wheel-drive vehicles, they are not necessary because power transmission is done directly by semi-shafts. 4×4 vehicles have two drive shafts: a short one to the front and a longer one to the rear. The connection between them is not rigid and is made using universal
Read MoreGalvanometer Recorders: Types and Operation
Galvanometer Recorders
Galvanometer recorders are based on the same principle as the moving coil meter mechanism. The main difference is that the opposing force to the one generated by the current through the coil is produced by the torsional suspension coil springs. A pointer can be attached to the suspension, with a stylus at the end. This then produces an ink line graph. If R is the length of the pointer and θ the deflection, the pen’s displacement will be y = Rsinθ. Since the angle θ is proportional
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