Laboratory Equipment and Usage Protocols
Doping Fluorometric Assay Method
This method is used for detecting peptide hormones. Fluorescence spectroscopy is a type of electromagnetic spectroscopy that analyzes the fluorescence of a sample. The electrons of a molecule are excited by a beam of light of lower energy, which is detected by a fluorometer.
Hematological Analyzer and Cytometer
This equipment is used for hematological parameters and for detecting blood transfusion. Flow cytometry is a technique for counting, examining, and sorting microscopic
Read MoreKey Organic Chemistry Principles: Oil Hydrogenation, Amine Basicity, Huckel’s Rule
This document provides a detailed explanation of the hydrogenation of oil, preventive measures to minimize oil rancidity, the basicity of aromatic amines, and Huckel’s rule.
Oil Hydrogenation & Rancidity Prevention
Understanding Oil Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction involving the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids in oils. This process converts liquid oils into semi-solid or solid fats, making them more stable and resistant to oxidation.
Types of Hydrogenation Processes
- Partial
Cost Accounting Fundamentals: Stock, Overhead, and Profit Analysis
Closing Stock Valuation Methods
Understanding closing stock valuation is crucial for accurate financial reporting. This section details two common methods: FIFO and Weighted Average Cost.
First-In, First-Out (FIFO) Method
The FIFO method assumes that the first units purchased are the first ones sold. This typically results in higher closing stock values during periods of rising prices.
| Units | Unit Cost | Total Value |
|---|---|---|
| 800 | $12 | $9,600 |
Summary of FIFO Calculation:
- Total Receipts: $65,600
- Total Issues: $56,000
- Closing
Understanding Atoms: Models, Properties, and Bonds
Historical Atomic Models
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
It states that matter is made up of atoms. These atoms are described as solid, spherical, and indivisible particles. Subsequent scientists built upon Dalton’s model, developing increasingly precise descriptions of the atom.
Thomson’s Atomic Model
This model proposes that the atom is a positively charged solid sphere with electrons embedded within it, often likened to a “plum pudding.”
Rutherford’s Atomic Model
Rutherford’s model suggests that the atom is
Read MoreCore Organic Chemistry Principles
Stereochemistry Fundamentals
Enantiomer
An enantiomer is a type of stereoisomer that is a non-superimposable mirror image of another molecule. Enantiomers have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms but differ in their three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in space.
Meso Compound
A meso compound is a type of stereoisomer that has a superimposable mirror image, despite having chiral centers. Meso compounds are achiral molecules with chiral centers.
d/l Notation
The d/l notation refers
Read MoreUnderstanding Electric Charges and Material Conductivity
Understanding Electric Charges
Matter contains two types of electric charges of opposite signs: positive and negative. Usually, bodies are electrically neutral. However, through certain physical processes, they can gain or lose electric charges, thus becoming electrically charged. These processes include:
- Charging by Friction
- Charging by Induction
- Charging by Contact
Charging by Friction
In everyday life, electrical phenomena often occur through friction. You can observe that bodies with like charges
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