Core Science Concepts: Physics, Biology, Chemistry Review

Posted by on Sep 27, 2025 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Physics Concepts and Kinematics

Fundamental Physics Concepts

  • Force: A push or pull that changes the motion of an object.
    • Unit: Newton (N).
    • Example: Pushing a shopping cart.
  • Velocity: Speed in a given direction.
    • Formula: v = d/t.
    • Example: 20 m/s east.
  • Speed vs. Velocity:
    • Speed: How fast (scalar quantity, no direction).
    • Velocity: Speed with direction (vector quantity).
    • Example: Speed = 60 km/h, Velocity = 60 km/h north.
  • Displacement: The straight-line distance and direction from start to finish.
    • Example: Walk
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Fundamental Scientific Techniques for Laboratory Success

Posted by on Sep 21, 2025 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Microscope Components and Functions

To effectively use a microscope, it’s essential to know its various parts and their roles:

  • Eyepiece Lens: The lens at the top that you look through. They are usually 10X or 15X power.
  • Tube: Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses.
  • Arm: Supports the tube and connects it to the base.
  • Base: The bottom of the microscope, used for support.
  • Illuminator: A steady light source used in place of a mirror. If your microscope has a mirror, it reflects light from an external
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Essential Biology Laboratory Investigations

Posted by on Sep 16, 2025 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Cell Observation with a Microscope

Experiment Aim

To observe, draw, and label cells using a microscope, such as onion epidermal cells or cheek cells.

Required Equipment

  • Light Microscope
  • Glass Slide
  • Cover Slip
  • Specimen (Onion or Cheek cells)
  • Iodine Solution
  • Pipette
  • Tweezers
  • Paper Towel

Experimental Procedure

  1. Peel a thin layer of onion skin and place it on a clean slide.
  2. Add a few drops of iodine stain (to make the structures visible).
  3. Carefully place a cover slip on top, avoiding air bubbles.
  4. Place the slide on
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Matter, Atoms, and Biomolecules: Foundations of Biology

Posted by on Sep 10, 2025 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Fundamentals of Matter and Atoms

Matter

Matter is defined as the amount of mass that occupies a space.

The Atom and Its Subatomic Particles

An atom is considered the indivisible part of matter and is composed of three primary subatomic particles:

  • Protons (H+): Subatomic particles with a positive charge.
  • Neutrons (n): Subatomic particles with a neutral charge.
  • Electrons (e-): Subatomic particles with a negative charge.

Isotopes and Atomic Properties

An isotope is an atom that contains a greater number of

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Chemical Reaction Kinetics: Rates, Mechanisms, and Factors

Posted by on Sep 7, 2025 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Reaction Rate: Definition

Reaction Rate: The measure of how quickly reactants are consumed or how quickly products are formed in a chemical reaction.

Rate Law Equation

The Rate Law Equation describes the relationship between the rate at which a chemical process occurs and the concentrations of the reactants.

The rate constant (k) depends on the specific reaction and the temperature at which it takes place.

Reaction Order Explained

Reaction Order: The sum of the exponents to which reactant concentrations

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Water: Structure, Properties, and Global Impact

Posted by on Sep 4, 2025 in Chemistry | 0 comments

The Water Molecule

Each water molecule consists of two hydrogen (H) atoms and one oxygen (O) atom. The water molecule has a bent shape, with the H-O-H bond angle being approximately 105°. The two O-H bonds are polar covalent, which makes the entire molecule polar.

Hydrogen Bonding

Hydrogen bonds form when a hydrogen atom, already bonded to an electronegative atom (like oxygen), is attracted to another electronegative atom in a different molecule. These crucial intermolecular links are responsible

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