Understanding Matter: States, Atomic Structure, and Bonding
Matter: The material part of the universe. It’s anything that has mass and occupies space.
States of Matter
Solids: Have a definite shape and occupy a definite volume. The particles that make up solids are very close together and aren’t moving around very much (they have vibrations). They often have an organized structure of repeating patterns called a crystal lattice.
Liquids: Have no definite shape, but they do have a definite volume. The particles in liquids are much farther apart than the particles
Read MoreChemistry Fundamentals: Concepts and Laws
Unit 1: Concepts and Fundamental Laws of Chemistry
Pure Substance
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition and defined, distinctive properties. It cannot be separated into other substances without losing its properties. Examples include gold and water. Pure substances can be classified into elements and compounds.
Element
Elements are simple or pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical processes. Examples include gold, silver, and oxygen.
Read MoreNobel Laureates in Chemistry: Chromatography, Radioactivity, and Ionic Dissociation
Nobel Laureates in Chemistry: Key Discoveries
Archer John Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge
Millington Synge: Awarded the 1952 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for their contribution to the knowledge of techniques of substance analysis, specifically in chromatography.
Chromatography is an analytical technique used to identify and separate the components of a mixture. It is based on the selective interaction of pigments with an adsorbent material. Different adsorbents are used to separate compounds
Read MoreGalvanic and Fuel Cells: Principles, Working & Construction
Galvanic Cell: Harnessing Redox Reactions
Among electrochemical cells, a galvanic cell supplies electric current by transferring electrons through a redox reaction. It demonstrates how energy can be harnessed from reactions between elements. Studying the setup and utilization of a galvanic cell to obtain energy is fascinating.
Working Principle
The working of a galvanic cell is straightforward. A chemical reaction makes electric energy available. During a redox reaction, a galvanic cell uses energy
Read MoreTipos de Enlaces Químicos y Geometría Molecular
Enlace Iónico
Se presenta cuando los átomos participantes tienen una diferencia de electronegatividad apreciable, igual o mayor a 1.7. Es una fuerza electrostática que se establece debido a que se forman iones.
Los compuestos iónicos se caracterizan por:
- Ser sólidos a temperatura ambiente.
- Presentar altos puntos de ebullición y fusión.
- Facilidad para romperse en estado sólido (fragilidad).
- Ser malos conductores del calor y la electricidad en estado sólido (pero buenos conductores fundidos o en
Chemical Ions, Compounds, Formulas, and Nomenclature
Ions, Compounds, and Chemical Formulas
Understanding Ions
An ion is a charged particle formed when a neutral atom or group of atoms gains or loses electrons.
Cations: Positively Charged Ions
A cation is a positively charged ion formed when a neutral atom loses electrons (e.g., Na⁺).
| Na atom | 11 protons | 11 electrons |
|---|---|---|
Na⁺ ion | 11 protons | 10 electrons |
Anions: Negatively Charged Ions
An anion is a negatively charged ion formed when a neutral atom gains electrons (e.g., Cl⁻).
| Cl atom | 17 protons | 17 electrons |
|---|---|---|
Cl⁻ |