Essential Aspects of Animal Cell Culture
Animal Cell Culture Essentials
A well-equipped laboratory is fundamental for successful animal cell culture. Here is a list of essential equipment:
Basic Equipment for Animal Cell Culture
- Sterile Work Area/Cell Culture Hood (e.g., laminar-flow hood or biosafety cabinet)
- Incubator (humid CO2 incubator recommended)
- Water Bath
- Centrifuge
- Refrigerator and Freezer (–20°C)
- Cell Counter (e.g., automated cell counter or hemocytometer)
- Inverted Microscope
- Liquid Nitrogen (N2) Freezer or Cryostorage Container
- Sterilizer
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Explained
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is an enzymatic process in which a specific region of DNA is replicated over and over again to yield many copies of a particular sequence.
The most widely used target nucleic acid amplification method is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
This method combines the principles of complementary nucleic acid hybridization with those of nucleic acid replication applied repeatedly through numerous cycles.
This method is able to amplify a single copy of a nucleic acid target,
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Injury Classification
Injuries are often classified based on severity and type:
Cases with Craniocerebral Injury: These are due to direct collision of a portion of the vehicle on the head or, more frequently, the impact of the head against the ground or other obstacle. They have high mortality.
Cases with Severe Skeletal Lesions of the Trunk: Characterized by the absence of visceral injuries. Most are caused by motor vehicles, whose large kinetic energy and relatively light weight cause their action
Key Molecular Biology Techniques: BACs, Autoradiography, Northern & Western Blotting
Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs)
A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) is an engineered DNA molecule used to clone DNA sequences in bacterial cells (e.g., E. coli). BACs are often used in connection with DNA sequencing. Segments of an organism’s DNA, ranging from 100,000 to about 300,000 base pairs (bp), can be inserted into BACs. The BACs, with their inserted DNA, are then taken up by bacterial cells. As the bacterial cells grow and divide, they amplify the BAC DNA, which can then be isolated
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Amino Acid Classification
Nonpolar Amino Acids
Glycine (G), Alanine (A), Valine (V), Leucine (L), Isoleucine (I), Proline (P), Phenylalanine (F), Methionine (M), Tryptophan (W)
Polar (Uncharged) Amino Acids
Serine (S), Threonine (T), Cysteine (C), Asparagine (N), Glutamine (Q), Tyrosine (Y)
Polar (Charged) Amino Acids
Aspartic Acid (D), Glutamic Acid (E), Lysine (K), Arginine (R), Histidine (H)
Protein Structure Notes
Beta-Sheet Constraints
Amino acids with large side groups (R groups) cannot easily fit
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Antacids and Drug Absorption Timing
Rationale for Separating Doses: It is fundamental to separate the administration of antacids and other drugs by an interval of at least 2 hours.
Absorption Explained: Absorption refers to the phenomenon of selective accumulation of particles on a surface. Certain substances, like antacids, possess the ability to attract molecules to their surface, generating a new compound whose physical and chemical characteristics prevent it from being absorbed effectively in
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