Cell Biology: Comprehensive Review of Key Concepts
Key Concepts in Cell Biology
Water has hydrogen bonds that allow it to have special properties like cohesion (water molecules stick to each other), adhesion (water molecules stick to other surfaces), and surface tension.
Monomers form polymers via dehydration synthesis; in hydrolysis, polymers are broken down into monomers.
Nucleic acids are what make up DNA and RNA and hold a lot of genetic information. They are made up of nucleotides, which are composed of a deoxy/ribose, a phosphate, and a nitrogen
Read MoreIntentional Replantation: Indications, Contraindications, and Pathways
Intentional Replantation
Intentional replantation is indicated when there is no other treatment alternative to maintain a strategic tooth.
Indications
RCT cannot be performed conventionally:
- Calcifications
- Blockages
- The patient cannot open his/or her mouth sufficiently.
Treatment failures that cannot be retreated by conventional methods:
- Unusual anatomy.
- Canals that are blocked with broken instruments, crowns, ledges, or restorative materials such as posts; areas that are inaccessible.
Roots that have unmanageable
Read MoreUnderstanding Common Diseases, Drugs, and Their Effects
Diseases and Their Impact on Health
Diseases are functional or organic disorders that negatively affect human well-being.
Infectious Diseases
Infectious diseases are transmitted through infection. Transmission can occur through:
- Direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects.
- Inhaling water droplets or saliva containing germs.
- Consuming contaminated food or water.
- Insect vectors.
- Indirect contact.
The body has evolved defenses to prevent microorganism entry, including:
- Skin
- Mucous membranes
- Macrophages
These
Read MoreCardiopulmonary Bypass, ECG, Pacemakers, Kidney Filtration, and More
Heart-Lung Machine: Working Principle
A heart-lung machine, also known as a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) machine, is a medical device used to temporarily take over the functions of the heart and lungs during surgery. It is essential for complex cardiac procedures that require the heart to be stopped.
Working Principle:
- Anticoagulation: The patient is given anticoagulant medication to prevent blood clots.
- Cardiotomy: A surgical incision is made in the right atrium, and a cannula is inserted to drain
Understanding Proteins, Genetic Code, and Biotechnology
Proteins are biomolecules formed by the union of amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids in proteins. Changing a single amino acid causes the protein to be different. Each cell produces thousands of proteins using their ribosomes from free amino acids that exist in the cytoplasm.
There is a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) that acts as a messenger, copying genetic information from DNA to ribosomes and transporting it from the cytoplasm. The mRNA has a sequence complementary to the bases
Read MoreAnimal Transport Systems: Circulation, Fluids, and Blood
Animal Transport Systems
In animals, the transport system serves a dual purpose: it carries nutrients (gaseous and non-gaseous) and cells, and it eliminates waste products. Single-celled organisms do not require a transport system because they rely on diffusion. However, diffusion is a slow process effective only over short distances, making it insufficient for multicellular organisms.
The animal body consists largely of fluids, approximately 56% of its mass. These fluids are found inside cells (intracellular
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