Plant Hormone Mechanisms: Auxins, Amylases, Ethylene
Rhizobium-Legume Symbiosis: Infection Process
- Union of *Rhizobium* to a radical emergent hair by chemotaxis.
- The hair grows curved, and bacteria grow inside.
- Degradation of the cell wall allows infection.
- The infection cord reaches the base of the hair.
- *Rhizobium* is freed in the apoplast and initiates the formation of a new cord.
- The infection branches and releases vesicles into the cytosol. Nodule differentiation occurs.
Auxin Action Mechanism: Cell Elongation and Growth
Auxins induce cell growth and
Read MoreNervous Impulse Transmission: Synapse and Invertebrates
Nervous Impulse Transmission
From Neuron to Neuron: Synapse
Neurons are independent; they are not in physical contact with each other (synaptic cleft). The synapse is the process of functional communication between two neurons.
- Presynaptic Area: This is the axon of the neuron from which the information arrives.
- Postsynaptic Area: This is the specialized part of another neuron to which the information is directed.
- Synaptic Cleft: This is the space separating the two areas.
The transmission of nerve impulses
Read MoreHuman Interaction, Nervous and Endocrine Systems
1. The Interaction Process
This function includes a series of processes whose objectives are:
- To adapt the body to changing conditions, in the internal as well as external environment.
- To connect and coordinate the different parts of our body so that they work together.
1.1. Homeostasis
Homeostasis processes maintain the body’s stability when there are changes in the internal environment.
Homeostasis processes work like a feedback device. This means that when a variation is detected in a particular element,
Read MoreKidney Anatomy and Physiology: Calyces, Pelvis, Nephron
The kidneys are complex organs responsible for filtering blood and maintaining homeostasis. This document details their key anatomical structures and physiological processes.
Kidney Anatomy
Calyces and Renal Pelvis
Calyces: These are smaller, cup-shaped structures where urine collection begins. Minor calyces surround each renal papilla (the tip of a renal pyramid). They are small membranous ducts that open into the major calyces.
Major Calyces: Typically, there are three major calyces: superior, middle,
Read MorePatient Feeding Methods and Renal System Functions
Oral Feeding
Patient retains the capacity to swallow, with or without difficulty, and can eat by mouth.
Enteral Feeding
Food is administered by a trained professional, such as a pharmacist. Food may be crushed and administered via a tube that goes from the nose to the stomach (nasogastric) or duodenum (nasoduodenal).
Parenteral Route
Food is delivered directly to the circulatory system via a catheter, using a drip method.
Patient Dependency
The patient may be partly or totally dependent.
Food Recommendations
Position
Read MoreBrain Anatomy: Neural Pathways and Structures
Sensory Pathways
Pain
- Enkephalin-containing neuron in the periaqueductal gray matter
- Locus coeruleus
- Lateral reticular formation
- Brain stem tegmental noradrenergic cell groups
- Descending norepinephrine pathway
- Corticonuclear fibers
- Descending serotonin pathway
- Spinoreticular pathway
- Posterolateral funiculus
- Anterolateral funiculus
- Enkephalin-containing neurons in the substantia gelatinosa
- Afferent pain neuron of dorsal root ganglion
Taste
Taste
- Ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus of thalamus
- Lateral hypothalamic