Immobilization Techniques in Biosensors
Immobilization Techniques in Biosensors
Immobilization: The technique used for the physical or chemical fixation of cells, organelles, enzymes, or other proteins (e.g., monoclonal antibodies) onto a solid support, into a solid matrix, or retained by a membrane, in order to increase their stability and make possible their repeated or continued use.
Methods of Immobilization
The selective element must be connected to the transducer. This presents particular problems if the former is biological in nature.
Prenatal Development and Genetic Engineering
Non-Hereditary Diseases
Non-hereditary diseases can arise from various factors during pregnancy and birth:
Problems During Pregnancy
- Thalidomide: A drug administered in the 1960s to pregnant women for anxiety, which caused malformations or absence of limbs in many children born in Europe.
- Rubella: Pregnant mothers contracting rubella from children (a usually benign disease) can transmit the virus to the fetus, causing significant harm. To prevent this, all girls are vaccinated at 12 years old to develop
Human Eye and Ear Anatomy and Physiology
Eye Structures and Functions
- Ciliary Zonule: Secures the lens to the ciliary body.
- Aqueous Humor: Fluid filling the anterior segment of the eye, providing nutrients to the lens.
- Sclera: White portion of the fibrous layer.
- Optic Disc: Area lacking photoreceptors (blind spot).
- Ciliary Body: Muscular structure that manipulates the lens.
- Choroid: Nutritive vascular middle layer of the eye.
- Canal of Schlemm (Scleral Venous Sinus): Drains aqueous humor from the eye.
- Retina: Inner layer responsible for image formation.
Understanding Infectious Diseases and DNA Structure
Phases of Infectious Diseases
Every disease can be divided into three phases:
- Incubation Period: The time elapsed between the entry of bacteria and the onset of the first symptoms.
- Prodromal Period: Characterized by the appearance of nonspecific, general signs that occur in a large number of processes. The pathogen has not yet acted on the body in a way that will cause specific infection.
- Clinical Period: The onset of symptoms and signs indicating the disease. These, along with analytical data, allow
Meiosis: Cellular Processes and Life Cycles
Cellular Process
Overview of meiosis. The interphase is duplicated genetic material, and the phenomenon of recombination (represented by red and blue chromosomes). In meiosis I, the homologous chromosomes are divided into two daughter cells. In meiosis II, as in mitosis, each chromatid migrates to one pole. The result is four haploid daughter cells (n).
The preparatory steps that lead to meiosis are identical in pattern and name to the interphase of the mitotic cell cycle. The interphase is divided
Read MoreDNA, Genetic Engineering, Cloning, and Bioethics
DNA and Genetic Engineering
1. DNA: A molecule that carries genetic information from generation to generation. It is part of the nucleic acids, which consist of repeating units called nucleotides.
- Gene: A unit of hereditary information that instructs the cell how to make proteins.
2. Genetic Engineering: A set of techniques for manipulating genes in a living being. It’s a double-edged sword because the same techniques can be used to improve health or to cause harm.
Applications of Genetic Engineering:
Read More