Understanding Infectious, Autoimmune, Neoplastic, and Mental Illnesses
Infectious and Immune System Illnesses
- Infectious Illnesses: Caused by microorganisms, which are organisms observable only with a microscope.
- Pathogenic Microorganisms: Can be prokaryotic (bacteria) or eukaryotic (fungi, protists, helminths’ larvae phase) and viruses.
- Infectious illnesses are transmitted by contact and spread through:
- Direct Contact: With infected persons or objects, water, or saliva inhalation, infected food, insects, or vectors.
- Indirect Contact: Examples include AIDS and hepatitis.
Medical Terminology: Definitions and Key Concepts
Stroke: A stroke occurs when the brain suddenly loses blood supply, often due to a clot blocking an artery or a ruptured cerebral blood vessel. This can cause injury or even death.
Allele: One of the possible forms of a gene.
Allogeneic: Refers to a tissue or organ transplanted from a person of the same species.
Anatomy Pathogenesis: The science that deals with the effects of disorders and injuries.
Sign: Objective data obtained from a patient examination, such as pulse, blood pressure, and body temperature.
Read MoreUrinary Tract: Anatomy, Physiology, and Diseases
Urinary Tract Features
The urinary tract performs the following functions:
- Eliminates waste substances from cellular metabolism.
- Regulates body fluid composition.
- Serves as an endocrine gland.
Anatomy
Kidneys
Located on both sides of the spine (dorsolumbar area). They are surrounded by fat, which protects them from shock and keeps them in place. Kidneys filter blood and retain substances for reuse.
Parts:
- Cortex: The outer part where the nephrons are found. The nephron is in charge of filtering the blood.
Understanding Carbohydrates: Types, Functions, and Importance
Carbohydrates: An Introduction
Carbohydrates: These biomolecules are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO). They always contain a carbonyl group (a group attached to an oxygen atom by a double bond), which can be either an aldehyde group (-CHO) or a keto group (-CO-). They are defined as polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones.
Classification of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are classified into three main categories:
- Monosaccharides: These are single-unit carbohydrates, consisting of a single
Cell Division, Genetics, and Chemical Reactions Explained
Cell Division: Interphase and Mitosis
Interphase is when DNA duplication occurs.
Interphase Stages:
- G1: Synthesis of RNA and proteins, increasing cell cytoplasm.
- S: DNA replication results in two chromatids.
- G2: Additional growth and preparation for mitosis.
Mitosis: Somatic Cell Division
Mitosis is an equational division that occurs in somatic cells. It is divided into four stages:
- Prophase: A long step involving the disappearance of the nuclear envelope (carioteca), centriole duplication, spindle formation,
Diabetes and Hormones: Metabolic Effects
Metabolic Effects of Hormones and Diabetes
Insulin and Glucagon
1. Which one of the following is characteristic of low insulin levels?
a) Increased formation of ketone bodies
2. Which one of the following statements concerning glucagon is incorrect?
a) It promotes gluconeogenesis by stimulating the generation of cAMP in target cells
3. The metabolic effect of growth hormone action is:
a) Increase oxidation of glucose and amino acids
4. Which of the following counter-regulatory hormones acts through binding
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