Cellular Structures: Mitochondria, Chloroplasts & Nucleus
Mitochondria: Structure and Function
Outer membrane: Contains proteins that regulate the exchange of substances with the cytosol. Inner membrane: Consists of ridges and contains mitochondrial proteins. Matrix: The space inside the mitochondria; contains enzymes, DNA (as a double-stranded, closed circular molecule).
Mitochondria Function: Energy production.
Chloroplast: Structure and Function
Found in plant cells and photosynthetic eukaryotes.
- Outer membrane: Fluid mosaic.
- Inner membrane: No crests.
- Stroma:
Understanding Virology: Acronyms, Concepts, and Vaccines
Acronyms in Virology
- AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- ART: Antiretroviral therapy
- ccc: Covalently closed circle
- CMV: Cytomegalovirus
- CPE: Cytopathic effects
- CTL: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- DLP: Double-layered particle
- EBV: Epstein-Barr virus
- ER: Endoplasmic reticulum
- ESCRT: Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport
- GFP: Green fluorescent protein
- HA: Hemagglutinin
- Hsp60: Heat shock protein 60
- ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule
- IFN: Interferon
- IHF: Integration host factor
- IRES: Internal ribosome
Cellular Metabolism and Energy Production
Cellular Metabolism: Key Concepts and Processes
Anabolism
Anabolism refers to the set of chemical reactions occurring in the cell that aims at synthesizing complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input. (Synthesis of complex products with energy expenditure).
Metabolism
Metabolism is the comprehensive set of chemical reactions that occur within a cell.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a series of typically catabolic reactions.
Chemosynthetic Bacteria
Chemosynthetic bacteria are autotrophs, meaning
Read MoreLife’s Genesis and Evolutionary Mechanisms
Oparin’s Theory
Approximately 4 billion years ago, the components of Earth’s primitive atmosphere reacted due to the energy of storms, solar radiation, etc. As a result, simple organic molecules were created.
- The Earth cooled down, intense rain was produced, and seas were formed. These molecules accumulated in these seas. Oparin referred to these seas as primordial soup.
- The organic molecules started to join, creating bigger ones. Some of them were isolated in coacervates.
- Some coacervates developed
Vineyard and Winemaking Terms: A Concise Lexicon
Vineyard and Winemaking Terms
The Root System: The root system is the part of the vine that is underground. Its primary functions are: absorb water and mineral nutrients, anchorage, and storage of reserve substances.
The Shoot System: The shoot system is the part of the vine above ground. It is formed by the trunk, the stems, the arms, rods, shoots, and tendrils. Later the shoots will give rise to the buds. The main functions of the shoot system are: the conduction of sap, the support, and storage
Read MoreFatty Acids, Fermentation, Cell Cycle, and Genetics
September 3rd Notes: Biochemistry Topics
B1OA: Fatty Acids
- Fatty acids are monoenoic organic acids that are present in fats. They are rarely found free and are usually esterified to glycerol and, occasionally, other alcohols. They typically have straight chains with an even number of carbon atoms. Fatty acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or polyunsaturated.
- Functions of Fatty Acids:
- Energy Reserve: They are an important energy source for biological use.
- Structural Function: The bipolar nature of some