Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Cell Biology: Key Concepts
Where Plants Get Their Mass
Where do plants get most of their mass? The air
Energy Carriers in Photosynthesis and Respiration
Which of the following is NOT an energy carrier involved in either Photosynthesis or Cellular Respiration? G3P
Light Reactions in Photosynthesis
Which of the following are generated by light reactions in photosynthesis? Energy carriers
Location of Photosynthesis Reactions
Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis take place? Thylakoids of the chloroplasts
Where does the Calvin
Read MoreRespiratory System Anatomy: Nose, Larynx, Lungs & Bronchi
Respiratory System Anatomy
Area of Conduct
Formed by a series of interconnected cavities and tubes: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles. These structures conduct air into the lungs.
Respiratory Tract
The respiratory tract is woven into the lungs where gas exchange occurs, covering the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
Nose
The internal structures of the nose fulfill these functions:
- Filter, warm, and humidify the incoming air.
Central Dogma, Cellular Respiration, and Genetics
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
The central dogma of molecular biology illustrates the mechanisms of transmission and expression of genetic inheritance, following the discovery of its coding in the double helix of DNA. It suggests a unidirectional flow of information from genes to proteins. DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), which is then translated into protein, the functional element of the cell. The dogma also states that only DNA can replicate, thus reproducing and transmitting
Read MoreAnatomy of the Medulla, Liver, Kidneys, and Heart
Medulla Oblongata (Brainstem)
The medulla oblongata, or brainstem myelencephalon, is the lowest of the three segments of the brainstem. It is located between the pons (above) and the spinal cord (below). It takes the form of a truncated cone, approximately three inches long. It is bordered by the spinal cord at the decussation of the pyramids (Mistichèlli). The division with the pons is clear and is marked by the pontomedullary sulcus. However, this division is only visible on the anterior and lateral
Read MoreOrigin of Life & Astrobiology: Essential Concepts
Essential Compounds for Life
Inorganic Compounds
Water and mineral salts are essential for the function of living beings.
Organic Compounds
Found only in living beings, characterized by covalent bonds.
- Polymers: Macromolecules formed by monomers.
- Carbohydrates: Primary source of energy.
- Lipids: Store energy and have regulatory functions.
- Proteins: Perform transport, structural, and hormonal functions; enzymes act as chemical catalysts.
- Nucleic Acids: Store and transmit genetic information.
Defining Life and
Read MoreDental Implant Placement: Principles and Considerations
Principles of Dental Implant Positioning: Anatomical Limitations
To maximize the probability of success, an implant should be placed entirely within the bone and away from significant anatomical structures. Ideally, there should be 10 mm of vertical bone dimension and 6 mm of horizontal dimension to place the implant. This size prevents the invasion of anatomical structures. There should also be adequate space between adjacent implants; usually, 3 mm is acceptable. This space is required to ensure
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