Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis: Processes and Energy Conversion
Glycolysis
Catabolic process converting glucose to pyruvate, yielding 2 electrons. The following stages occur:
- Phosphorylation of Glucose: Glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase.
- Isomerization: Glucose 6-phosphate is isomerized to fructose 6-phosphate by isomerase.
- Phosphorylation of Fructose 6-Phosphate: Fructose 6-phosphate is phosphorylated by phosphofructokinase, requiring ATP to produce fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
- Cleavage of Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate: Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cleaved by aldolase
PCR and Transcriptome Analysis Techniques
Primers
- Length: 18-30 bp
- Avoid self-complementarity
- Flank regions 100-1000 bp apart
- Multiplexing with multiple primers is possible
- 3’ end should not be GC-rich and avoid complementarity to prevent nonspecific binding and primer dimers
Taq Polymerase
- Source: Taquaticus
- Optimal efficiency: 75-80°C
- Replication speed: ~1 kb in <10 seconds
QRT-PCR
- Mostly semi-quantitative
- Fluorescence probe with reader enables readout
- Increase in fluorescence indicates starting material
- dsDNA dye like SYBR Green is not quantitative
- Shows
Understanding Human Multicellularity: Cell Functions & Reproduction
Humans as Multicellular Organisms
The three primary functions of an organism are interaction, nutrition, and reproduction.
Nutrition: This is the process by which cells and organisms obtain energy from food.
Interaction: This refers to an organism’s ability to detect and react to external or internal stimuli.
Reproduction: This is the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced from their parents.
The Cell
The cell is the functional unit of all organisms, the smallest living part
Read MoreAyurvedic Concept of Ojas: Immunity, Life Force & Vitality
आयुर्वेद के अनुसार ओजस: प्रतिरक्षा और जीवन शक्ति ss15/15
संदर्भ: [आयुर्वेद] रस-रक्त आदि सप्त धातु ss15/15
मन और शरीर का गहरा संबंध होता है। ss15/15
ओजस शारीरिक और मानसिक स्वास्थ्य का एक महत्वपूर्ण पहलू है। ss15/19
आयुर्वेदिक
Read MoreRhesus Blood Groups and Maternal-Fetal RhD Incompatibility
Rhesus Blood Groups and RhD Incompatibility
Rhesus Blood Group System
- Genetically determined by 6 important antigens (among approximately 50 antigens): c-C, d-D, e-E.
- Presence of antigen D (a strong antigen) on the erythrocyte membrane determines positivity (Rh+). This applies to about 85% of the European population.
- Possible Genotypes: CDE, CDe, cDe, cDE
- Rh negativity (Rh-) is determined by the d antigen (a weak antigen).
- Possible Genotypes: Cde, Cde, cde, cdE
- Sometimes, the presence of the E antigen
Nervous System Function: Autonomic Control & Neural Signals
Nervous System Organization
The Nervous System comprises two main parts:
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Consists of the brain and spinal cord. It builds and maintains models of the environment, makes decisions, and processes sensory information. Grey matter contains dendrites and cell bodies, while white matter consists of myelinated axons. The blood-brain barrier tightly regulates substances entering the brain.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Includes all neural tissue outside the CNS, connecting