Gene Regulation and Transcription Mechanisms
1B) Promoter Mapping
Hypothesis: The promoter is upstream from the TSS (Transcription Start Site).
Reagents/Assays:
First, clone β-globin & cDNA. Then, identify the TSS by comparing the cDNA and gene sequence of the DNA. The promoter is then mutated one base at a time using PCR site-directed mutagenesis, creating approximately 250 mutated DNAs. Transfect eukaryotic cells with the promoter and measure the transcriptional activity of a reporter gene via mRNA or protein activity.
Valleys observed
Human Digestion & Biomolecules: Essential Biology
Macromolecules and Their Functions
| Molecule | Monomer | Function | Elements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbohydrate | Glucose | Provides energy | C, H, O |
| Protein | Amino acids |
| C, H, O, N, S |
| Lipid | Fatty acids, Glycerol |
| C, H, O |
The Human Digestive System
Mouth
Saliva moistens food and contains the enzyme *amylase*, which begins starch breakdown.
Esophagus
Transports chewed food to the stomach.
Stomach
Food is held here for several hours, where initial protein digestion occurs. The
Read MoreTransgenic Plants: Methods, Applications, and Examples
Understanding Transgenic Plants: Creation & Impact
A transgenic plant is a modified organism where genes are transferred from one organism to another through genetic engineering techniques. The primary purpose of producing a transgenic plant is to obtain a species that possesses ideal traits, high yield, and enhanced quality.
Methods for Gene Transfer in Plants
Two primary methods are used to transfer genes into plants:
Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a plant pathogen
Core Biological Principles: DNA, Photosynthesis, Tissues, and Circulation
DNA Fundamentals
HIND II was discovered by Smith, Wilcox, and Kelley. Its recognition sequence is 5′ GT (pyrimidine: T or C) / Purine (A or G) AC 3′.
Recombinant DNA Synthesis
- Cut two different DNA molecules with the same restriction enzyme.
- Mix DNA pieces together, allowing for sticky ends to form weak hydrogen bonds.
- Seal the DNA fragments with ligase.
Plasmids are double-stranded DNA molecules where DNA fragments are inserted for cloning or expression.
Gel Electrophoresis Principles
Electrophoresis uses
Read MoreBiological Kingdoms and Animal Phyla: A Comprehensive Classification
Kingdoms of Life
Monera (Bacteria and Archaea)
- Characteristics: Unicellular, prokaryotic.
- Nutrition: Autotrophic or heterotrophic.
- Reproduction: Asexual.
- Locomotion: Possess flagella, capable of movement.
- Survival: Can produce resting spores.
- Subgroups: Eubacteria and Archaea.
Protoctists (Protists)
- Characteristics: Eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular.
- Nutrition: Autotrophic or heterotrophic.
- Reproduction: Sexual or asexual.
- Locomotion: Mobile, move by cilia, flagella, or pseudopods.
- Subgroups: Protozoa
The Human Digestive System: Organs, Functions, and Nutrient Absorption
The human digestive system is a complex and vital network responsible for breaking down food into nutrients that the body can absorb and utilize. It consists of two main components: the alimentary canal (also known as the digestive tract) and accessory glands.
The Alimentary Canal: A Journey Through Digestion
The digestive tract is a long, muscular tube, approximately 8 meters in length, that widens and narrows at various points. It begins at the mouth and ends at the anus, encompassing several key
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