Microbiology: Understanding Viruses, Fungi, Protists, and Bacteria

Posted by on May 14, 2024 in Biology | 0 comments

Viruses

Name:

General:

Symptoms:

Treatments:

SARS-CoV-2

  • Positive sense, single-stranded RNA

  • Enters human cells by binding to ACE2

  • Airborne disease

  • 60-140 nanometers

  • Fever/Chills

  • Loss of taste and smell

  • Severe dry cough

  • Shortness of breath

  • Acetaminophen

  • Ibuprofen

  • Nirmatrelvir

  • Remdesiver

  • Molnupiravir

HIV

  • Infects T-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells

  • Single-stranded positive sense RNA virus

  • Retrovirus (lentivirus)

  • 120 nm

  • Swollen lymph nodes

  • Night sweats

  • Muscle aches

  • Mouth ulcers

  • Fever

  • Abacavir

  • Emtricitabine

  • Lamivudine

  • Zidovudine

  • (

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Comprehensive Guide to Respiratory Physiology: Functions, Mechanisms, and Regulation

Posted by on May 14, 2024 in Biology | 0 comments

Functions of the Respiratory System

  • Regulation of blood pH
  • Protection against microbes
  • Making sounds used for speaking

Gas Exchange and Transport

Alveolar Sac

Function: Production of surfactant

Anatomical Dead Space

Structure NOT included: Respiratory bronchiole

Inhalation/Inspiration

Cause: Flattening (downward movement) of the diaphragm

Intrapleural Pressure

Normal state: Lower than alveolar pressure

Pressure Gradient

Effect on inhalation/inspiration: Increased pressure gradient from the atmosphere to the alveoli

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Patient Monitoring and Vital Signs

Posted by on May 14, 2024 in Biology | 0 comments

CVP

Especially in patients admitted to the ICU, central venous pressure (CVP) can be measured. This method measures the blood pressure in the vena cava and right atrium. The values range from 6 to 12 cm of water in the vena cava and between 0 and 4 cm of water in the right atrium. During the process, the patient should be supine.

The nursing assistant cannot measure this parameter but should assist at any time in the process, having all the material ready, assisting in the development of the procedure,

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Cellular Biology: Nutrition, Relationship, and Reproduction

Posted by on May 14, 2024 in Biology | 0 comments

1. The Functions of Nutrition

Nutrition is the set of processes by which organisms exchange energy and matter with their environment.

1.1 Nutrition in the Cells

It develops in three phases:

  1. The entry of materials into the cell
  2. The use of matter and energy
  3. The excretion of waste products

The Entry of Materials into the Cell

The substances needed for nutrition (nutrients) enter cells through transport mechanisms controlled by the plasma membrane. The large particles of food must be subjected to digestion

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Allergic Rhinitis, Allergic Dermatitis, and Immunodeficiency: A Comprehensive Guide

Posted by on May 14, 2024 in Biology | 0 comments

{ “*** Allergic Rhinitis: Def/ Classification /etiopathogensis:

^^ DEf :
-Sx disoreder of the Nose , 
– HS1 induced by IgE 
– mediated inflammtory <— allergen exposure 


^^ Classifciation :

Innermittent allergic RhinitisPersistent Allergic Rhinits
Sx
Sx
>4Days
>4Weeks


Mild :
-Normal sleep 
-No impairment of daily activites 
-Normal School and work 
-No troubling sx
Moderate /Severe:
-Abnormal Sleep
-Impariment of daily activity
-Abnomal school and work
-troublesome Sx



^^EtioPx:

-Trigger : Aeroallergen
–
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Cardiotonic and Hemostatic Drugs: Mechanisms, Effects, and Applications

Posted by on May 14, 2024 in Biology | 0 comments

FCOS CARDIOTONIC:


Digoxin

, Digitoxin, Strophanthins, ouabain, betametil-digoxin desnalosido, lanata c.

Mechanism of action:

positive inotropism. Actions: contractility, automaticity, excitability, conduction velocity, refractory period. Net effects on Ins. Heart:
Increased systolic volume and cardiac output, cardiac silhouette size Reduction, Decreased heart rate, decreased venous pressure, disappearance of edema, increased diuresis.

EI:


Cardiac

Arrhythmias: Sinus bradycardia, premature atrial,

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