Understanding Genetics and Heredity: From Genes to Genomes
Sons Inherit the Characteristics of Parents
Living organisms are composed of atoms and molecules. They can make copies of themselves, relaying information about their structure and function.
Living Beings Evolve
Copies of living organisms are almost identical. This subtle difference is key to their diversity, allowing adaptation to different environments. This is the basis for the evolution of species. Natural selection allows the survival of the fittest and gradually determines their appearance.
Mendel’
Read MoreUnderstanding Evolution: Key Concepts and Examples
A Biologist’s Perspective on Evolution
Evolution is a theory supported by a vast amount of evidence. A classic example is Darwin’s finches.
Understanding Convergent Evolution
Convergent evolution occurs when two species in different areas evolve similarities due to natural selection acting on those characteristics.
Genetics and Evolution
Genes and Loci
A gene is represented by its alleles. A locus can be polymorphic.
Genetic Drift
A restriction in genetic variability caused by a drastic reduction in population
Read MoreProtein Conformation: Structure, Levels, and Denaturation
Protein Conformation: Structure and Function
Introduction
The conformation of a protein refers to the three-dimensional shape it adopts. This shape is crucial for its function, as it determines how the protein interacts with other molecules. Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids, and the sequence of these amino acids dictates the protein’s final conformation.
Levels of Protein Structure
Protein structure can be described at four levels:
I) Primary Structure
The primary structure of a protein
Read MoreIntroduction to Genetics: From DNA to Gene Expression
What is Genetics?
Genetics is the study of biological inheritance, genes, and their expression. Bateson and Johannsen proposed a set of concepts that formed the foundation of classical genetics, establishing conclusions such as:
- The unit of inheritance is called a gene.
- Genes are transmitted according to defined rules or laws.
- Genes are located on chromosomes.
- Sex is determined by genes or chromosomes in most living organisms.
Common Genetic Terms
- Genotype: The genetic constitution of an individual’s character
Understanding Cardiovascular Hemodynamics and Blood Pressure Regulation
Auricular Sinus Node (NSA)
Located on the upper wall of the right atrium at the mouth of the superior vena cava. Its specialized cells fire, self-excited, an electrical impulse that spreads through the atria via Bachman’s bundle, so that the two atria contract simultaneously.
Atrioventricular Node
Located at the junction between the two ventricles, consisting of specialized fibers. Its role is to delay the action potential.
Hemodynamics
Basic Theory of Circulatory Function
Blood flow depends on the nutritional
Read MoreHuman Digestive System: Mouth and Tongue Anatomy
Digestive System: The Mouth
Boca: The Gateway to Digestion
The boca, or mouth, is the first chamber of the gastrointestinal tract. It plays a crucial role in mastication (chewing) and salivation (saliva production). The mouth contains the tongue, which aids in digestion and speech (phonation).
The mouth consists of two cavities: the lobby, a horseshoe-shaped space above, separated from the top by arches, and the oral cavity, located behind the lobby.
Oral Cavity Anatomy
- Anterior Wall: Lips and cheeks