Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis: An Overview
Universal Energy Currency
ATP acts as a ‘Uniercersal Energy Currency’ as it transfers energy to biochemical reactions in all living organisms.
Hydrolysis of ATP
Energy release = hydrolysis of ATP > ADP + inorganic phosphate (Pi)
Exergonic reaction catalysed by ATPase = removal of terminal phosphate
Always coupled with an endergonic reaction where energy is transferred
Soluble molecule which can be transported within a cell but can’t leave it
Transfers energy > processes requiring energy: nervous
Read MoreMicrobial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity: Understanding Bacterial Virulence
Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
Introduction
Pathogenicity: The ability to cause disease.
Virulence: The extent of pathogenicity.
Four Virulence Factors
- Adhesion factors
- Extracellular enzymes
- Toxins
- Antiphagocytic factors
Number of Invading Microbes
ID50: Infectious Dose for 50% of the test population.
LD50: Lethal Dose (of a toxin) for 50% of the test population.
Example: Bacillus anthracis (Creates Endospores)
| Portal of Entry | ID50 |
|---|---|
| Skin | 10-50 endospores |
| Inhalation | 10,000-20,000 endospores |
| Ingestion | 250,000-1, |
Human Anatomy and Physiology: Blood Vessels, Respiratory, Digestive, and Urinary Systems
Blood Vessels
Types and Functions
- Coronary Artery: Carries oxygenated blood from the aorta to the heart muscle.
- Cardiac Vein: Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle to the superior vena cava.
- Mesenteric Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood from the aorta to the intestines.
- Hepatic Portal Vein: Carries deoxygenated blood (full of nutrients) from the intestines to the liver.
- Hepatic Vein: Carries deoxygenated blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava.
- Renal Artery: Carries oxygenated blood from
The 6 Laws of Nutrition and Essential Nutrients for Optimal Health
The Six Laws of Nutrition
Ensuring Optimal Health Through Proper Nutrition
To ensure that our food intake provides the necessary nutrients, it’s crucial to adhere to the universal laws of nutrition.
1. Law of Adequate Quantity
This law emphasizes consuming enough food to meet energy requirements based on age, activity level, and developmental stage. Carbohydrates and fats are primary energy sources. Sufficient calorie intake is vital for maintaining body temperature, muscle function, and overall nutritional
Read MoreFactors Affecting Child Development & Importance of Vaccinations
Factors Affecting Good Physical Development in Children
Home Environment
- Positive family environment with harmony, security, and protection.
- Clean, tidy, and well-ventilated home with a temperature of 18-20°C and good humidity.
Nutrition
- Varied and balanced diet including water, vitamins, proteins, minerals, carbohydrates, and fats.
- Understanding Carbohydrates:
- Carbohydrate = Carbon + Hydrogen + Oxygen
- Simpler Carbohydrates = Simple Sugars or Monosaccharides
- Two Monosaccharides = Disaccharide
- Union of Many
The Six Laws of Nutrition
So that feeding can cover the necessary nutrients, it must comply with the universal laws of nutrition.
1. Law of Quantity
The feeding amount is adequate and has to cover energy requirements. This means the minimum amount that a person requires depending on age, activity, and stage of development. Foods that provide mainly calories (energy) are carbohydrates and fats. The number of calories must be sufficient to provide heat to maintain body temperature, energy for muscle contraction, and nutritional
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