Cellular Respiration: How Cells Harvest Energy
Biology 112 – Chapter 6 Notes
How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
I. Introduction to Cellular Respiration
A. Energy is Necessary for Life Processes
- Photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy for life.
- Energy in sunlight is used in photosynthesis to make glucose from CO2 and H2O with the release of O2.
- Other organisms, through cellular respiration, use the O2 and energy in sugar and release CO2 and H2O.
- Together, these two processes are responsible for the majority of life on Earth.
- Photosynthesis
- This
Cellular Transport and Oxidative Respiration: A Comprehensive Overview
Cell Transport Mechanisms
What are the different types of transport across cell membranes?
Cell transport refers to the movement of substances across the cell membrane. This process is essential for various cellular functions, including nutrient uptake, waste removal, and maintaining cellular homeostasis. There are two primary types of cell transport: passive transport and active transport.
Passive Transport
Passive transport does not require the cell to expend energy as substances move from an area
Read MoreBiology 101: Exploring the Diversity of Life
1. Bacteria & Archaea
Classifications
Three Domains (Woese: small subunit rRNA): Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya. Comparison of three domains, relationships; ‘Prokaryotes’ (=Monera) paraphyletic. [Monophyletic vs. paraphyletic – know the meaning of these terms]
Prokaryotic Cell Structure
Bacterial cell wall with peptidoglycan, Gram +/– difference, cell shape, capsule, flagellum, plasmid, endospores; archaeal cell membrane branched isoprene chains.
Reproduction & Genetic Novelties
Binary fission,
Read MoreLevels of Organization and Human Body Systems
Levels of Organization: Complexity in Living Matter
Atomic and Molecular Level
Matter is made up of atoms, which come together to form molecules held by chemical bonds. Atoms in living matter are called bioelements. Molecules in living things are biomolecules.
Inorganic Molecules
These have a simple chemical structure and include water and minerals. They are found in both living and non-living matter.
Organic Biomolecules
These are found in living things and contain carbon. They are usually polymers and
Read MoreFrom DNA to Protein: Understanding Gene Expression
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
DNA affects the traits of an organism by providing the instructions for synthesizing proteins. Gene expression involves two main phases: transcription and translation.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules contain information that is used to synthesize polypeptides. To begin transcription, RNA polymerase must bind to a segment of DNA called the promoter. The strand of DNA that is not transcribed is called the coding strand.
Transcription and Translation
During translation,
Read MoreSpace Maintainers in Dentistry: A Comprehensive Guide
Space Maintainers in Dentistry
Contraindications of Space Maintainers
- No alveolar bone over erupting tooth
- Space closure desired for congenitally missing tooth
- Gross discrepancy requiring corrective orthodontics
- Excessive space
- High caries activity and poor oral hygiene
- Poor patient and parent cooperation
Requirements of Space Maintainers
- Passively maintain the space and prevent rotation or tipping of the abutment tooth
- Not cause damage to teeth or injury to soft tissue
- Not interfere with growth and development,