Biology 101: Exploring the Diversity of Life
1. Bacteria & Archaea
Classifications
Three Domains (Woese: small subunit rRNA): Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya. Comparison of three domains, relationships; ‘Prokaryotes’ (=Monera) paraphyletic. [Monophyletic vs. paraphyletic – know the meaning of these terms]
Prokaryotic Cell Structure
Bacterial cell wall with peptidoglycan, Gram +/– difference, cell shape, capsule, flagellum, plasmid, endospores; archaeal cell membrane branched isoprene chains.
Reproduction & Genetic Novelties
Binary fission,
Read MoreLevels of Organization and Human Body Systems
Levels of Organization: Complexity in Living Matter
Atomic and Molecular Level
Matter is made up of atoms, which come together to form molecules held by chemical bonds. Atoms in living matter are called bioelements. Molecules in living things are biomolecules.
Inorganic Molecules
These have a simple chemical structure and include water and minerals. They are found in both living and non-living matter.
Organic Biomolecules
These are found in living things and contain carbon. They are usually polymers and
Read MoreFrom DNA to Protein: Understanding Gene Expression
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
DNA affects the traits of an organism by providing the instructions for synthesizing proteins. Gene expression involves two main phases: transcription and translation.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules contain information that is used to synthesize polypeptides. To begin transcription, RNA polymerase must bind to a segment of DNA called the promoter. The strand of DNA that is not transcribed is called the coding strand.
Transcription and Translation
During translation,
Read MoreSpace Maintainers in Dentistry: A Comprehensive Guide
Space Maintainers in Dentistry
Contraindications of Space Maintainers
- No alveolar bone over erupting tooth
- Space closure desired for congenitally missing tooth
- Gross discrepancy requiring corrective orthodontics
- Excessive space
- High caries activity and poor oral hygiene
- Poor patient and parent cooperation
Requirements of Space Maintainers
- Passively maintain the space and prevent rotation or tipping of the abutment tooth
- Not cause damage to teeth or injury to soft tissue
- Not interfere with growth and development,
Keeping Healthy: Understanding Diseases and Prevention
Keeping Healthy
Lifestyle Diseases
Types of Microorganisms That Can Cause Disease:
Virus:
- Flu (Gripe)
- Polio
- Common Cold (Resfriado Común)
- AIDS (SIDA)
- Measles (Sarampión)
- Meningitis
- Rabies
- Chicken Pox (Varicela)
- Papilloma
Microorganisms that can only live and reproduce inside living cells.
Bacterium:
- Tonsillitis (Anginas)
- Tuberculosis
- Plague (Plaga)
- Cystitis
- Tetanus
- Botulism (Enfermedad producida cuando te comes alimentos en malas condiciones)
- Cholera (Cólera, Gastroenteritis)
One type of single-celled microorganism.
Read MoreUnderstanding Monera: Characteristics, Types, and Importance
Monera
General Characteristics
- Cosmopolitan distribution (found everywhere)
- Prokaryotic cells (lack true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)
- Circular DNA
- Rigid cell wall
- Heterotrophic (most species) and some autotrophic
- Vegetative and asexual reproduction
- Decomposers, contributing to soil fertility
Types of Monera
1. Archaebacteria (Ancient Bacteria)
2. Eubacteria (True Bacteria)
- Bacteria
- Cyanobacteria
Bacteria
Discovery and History
Bacteria were first discovered by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek in 1675. Ehrenberg coined
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