Understanding Protein Structure: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary
Protein Structure and Function
“Structure equals function” is the basic tenet of Protein Modeling: i.e., it’s important to know what a protein’s structure is like because its function is determined by its structure.
There are four different types of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
Primary Structure
Primary structure is the sequence of amino acid residues in a protein chain. They’re called residues because they’re not individual amino acids anymore, having lost a hydrogen
Read MoreEndodontic Mishaps: Management, Prevention & Prognosis
Endodontic Mishaps: Management, Prevention, and Prognosis
Introduction
Endodontic mishaps are unfortunate occurrences that can happen during root canal treatment. Some are due to inattention, while others are unpredictable. This comprehensive guide outlines various mishaps, their management, prognosis, and prevention strategies.
Management Steps
- Detection: Identifying the mishap accurately.
- Correction: Implementing appropriate corrective measures.
- Prognosis: Assessing the long-term outcome and success
DNA Structure and Replication: A Comprehensive Guide
Chapter 14: DNA Structure and Replication
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the molecule that serves as the genetic material for all living organisms. In 1868, Johann Miescher discovered “nuclein,” an acidic substance with high phosphorus content, within the nuclei of white blood cells. It took over 80 years to confirm that this material, now known as DNA, was the molecule responsible for inheritance. The DNA molecule provided an explanation for how genetic information is
Read MoreHuman Body Systems: Respiratory, Circulatory, Reproductive, and Nervous
Respiratory System
Types of Respiration
External Respiration: Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood.
Internal Respiration: Exchange of gases between the blood and the body’s cells.
Breathing
Breathing: Mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Respiratory System Functions
- Gas exchange
- Gas delivery to body cells
- CO2 expulsion from the body
- Oxygen utilization in cells to produce ATP
Air Pathway
Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, blood, cells.
Inhalation
Read MoreOrthodontic Relapse and Retention: Strategies for Maintaining a Beautiful Smile
Why Retention is Needed
Gingival and periodontal tissue require time post-treatment to reorganize. Soft tissue pressures are likely to cause relapse if teeth are placed in an unstable position. Growth post-treatment may also cause relapse.
Timing of Tissue Reorganization
- PDL: 3-4 months
- Collagenous gingival fibers: 4-6 months
- Elastic supracrestal fibers: 1 year
Basic Theories of Relapse and Retention
1. Relapse is less likely if corrections are made during times of growth.
- Influence of growth of the maxilla
Dental Treatment Considerations for Patients with Medical Conditions
Risk Assessment and Treatment Modification in Dentistry
Risk Assessment
Risk assessment involves evaluating at least four components:
- Nature, severity, and stability of the patient’s medical condition
- Functional capacity of the patient
- Emotional status of the patient
- Type and magnitude of the treatment plan and procedures (invasive or not)
Treatment Modification
Preoperative
- Prophylactic antibiotics prior to certain dental procedures in patients at risk for bacterial endocarditis.
- Ensure food intake before