Bacterial & Viral Evasion of Host Immune System: Mechanisms & Examples
Bacterial and Viral Evasion of the Immune System
Mechanisms of Immune Evasion
Influencing the Complement System
- Encoding proteins homologous to host complement regulatory proteins
- Viruses: Hijacking or co-opting the complement defense system
- Bacteria: Inhibiting complement activation
- Proteases that degrade complement components
Inducing Immunosuppression
- Producing toxins (e.g., Staphylococcus enterotoxins)
- Viral replication affecting lymphocyte function, leading to immunosuppression
- Soluble factors released
Metabolic Processes: Krebs Cycle, Glycogen Storage & More
1. Krebs Cycle
The Krebs cycle produces 1-12 moles of ATP.
2. Oxidative Decarboxylation
This is a multi-stage process involving NAD+, FAD, and lipoic acid.
3. Key Molecules
- Succinyl CoA
- NADH+, H+
- Oxaloacetate, acetyl-CoA, and water
- Citric acid
4. Location
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
5. Acetyl-CoA
The remaining Acetyl-CoA is continuously incorporated into the cycle.
6. NAD+
NAD+ plays a crucial role in the process.
7. Krebs Cycle and Glutamic Acid
The
Read MoreUnderstanding Metabolic Processes: From Krebs Cycle to Glycogen Storage Diseases
The Krebs Cycle and Cellular Respiration
Krebs Cycle Basics
1. ATP Production: The Krebs cycle generates 1-12 moles of ATP per cycle.
2. Oxidative Decarboxylation: It’s a multi-stage process of oxidative decarboxylation.
3. Key Molecules Involved: The reactions in the Krebs cycle involve NAD+, FAD, and lipolic acid.
4. Intermediate Molecules:
- Succinyl CoA
- NADH+, H+
- Oxaloacetate, acetyl-CoA, and water
- Citric acid
5. Location: The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and the inner membrane of
Read MoreUnderstanding Respiration, Exercise Physiology, and Hydration
Respiration
Ventilation, Diffusion, and Transport
Ventilation refers to the airflow in and out of the lungs. Diffusion involves the exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the blood and lungs/tissue. Transport is the movement of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and tissues. Finally, internal respiration is the cellular exchange of O2 and CO2.
Oxygen Affinity Determinants
- Temperature: As temperature increases, oxygen affinity decreases.
- pH: A decrease in pH leads to a decrease in oxygen affinity.
Understanding Respiration, Exercise Physiology, and Hydration
Respiration
Ventilation
Ventilation is the process of air flowing in and out of the lungs.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the blood and the lungs/tissues.
Transport
Transport refers to the movement of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and tissues.
Internal Respiration
Internal respiration is the cellular exchange of O2 and CO2.
Factors Affecting Oxygen Affinity
- Temperature: As temperature increases, oxygen affinity decreases.
- pH: A decrease in pH (more acidic)
Understanding the Respiratory System: From Ventilation to Disorders
Pulmonary Ventilation
Respiration
Respiration is the process of gas exchange within the body. It encompasses several key processes:
- Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing): The flow of air into and out of the lungs.
- External Respiration: The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) and the circulatory system.
- Internal Respiration: The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the capillaries (tiny blood vessels) and the cells.
- Cellular Respiration: The breakdown