Anatomy and Physiology Definitions
SN: Izq: Brachial plexus, musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, genitofemoral nerve, obturator nerve, ulnar nerve, common peroneal nerve, deep peroneal nerve, superficial peroneal nerve. Derecho: Brain, cerebellum, spinal cord, intercostal nerve, subcostal nerve, lumbar plexus, sacral plexus, femoral nerve, pudendal nerve, sciatic nerve, muscular branches of femoral nerve, saphenous nerve, tibial nerve. Huesos: Izq: Frontal bone, zygomatic bone, clavicle, scapula, humerus,
Read MoreHuman Genome Project and Assisted Reproduction: A Scientific Overview
The Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project (HGP) culminated in 2003 with the complete mapping of the human genome, 13 years after research began, three years after the first draft’s publication, and 50 years after the discovery of DNA’s structure. The project involved collaboration between the HGP and Celera Genomics, with key information about the first draft released in 2001.
Key Findings of the HGP
- Gene Count: The human genome contains fewer genes than initially anticipated, between 30,000
Stages of Embryonic Development: A Comprehensive Overview
Stages of Embryonic Development
Fertilization
Fertilization is the fusion of an egg with a spermatozoon. When the male gamete reaches the female gamete, the latter undergoes a series of electrical and chemical reactions that prevent the entry of more than one male cell.
Segmentation
Once the pronucleus of the egg is functioning with the sperm pronucleus, the egg begins to undergo a series of mitotic cell divisions. Each of these cells is called a blastomere, and the resulting mass of cells is called
Read MoreUnderstanding Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis
Prometaphase
Prometaphase occurs after the fragmentation of the nuclear envelope, leading to the mixing of the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. Chromosomes condense and remain within the cell. Kinetochores, protein complexes that attach to microtubules, develop on the centromeres. Microtubules pull the chromosomes, resulting in a chaotic movement known as the “dance of the chromosomes.”
Metaphase
During metaphase, the centromeres align at the equatorial plate of the
Read MoreCell Biology: Structure, Function, and Processes
Classification of Proteins
Holoproteins
Filamentous, insoluble in H2O, polypeptides arranged in only one dimension as parallel fibers.
- Collagen: Found in connective tissue, cartilage, and bone, provides resistance to stretch.
- Keratin: Synthesized and stored in the cells of the epidermis, forms hair.
- Elastin: Flexible, fibrous proteins found in tendons and blood vessels, allows them to recover their shape after stretching.
- Myosins: Actively involved in muscle contraction.
Globular Proteins
Complex globular
Read MoreProkaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells: Structure, Function, and Differences
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes are evolutionarily ancient life forms that existed billions of years before eukaryotic cells. Even with the evolution of more complex cells, prokaryotes like bacteria and Archaea remain supremely successful. They lack a nucleus.
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells are more complex, evolving from prokaryote-like predecessors. Most familiar living things, including animals, plants, fungi, and protists, are composed of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic
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