DNA Hybridization and Cloning: Techniques and Applications
DNA Hybridization: Targeted Gene Search
The Hybridization Process
DNA hybridization, a natural phenomenon, is a cornerstone of recombinant DNA technology. It involves the pairing of two single-stranded, complementary DNA sequences to form a double-stranded molecule.
DNA Probes and Biochips
This technique allows scientists to identify specific genes on a chromosome. A DNA probe, a fluorescent or radioactively labeled, single-stranded DNA fragment, is used. Its sequence complements the target gene sequence.
Read MoreBiological Cycles, Reproduction, and Cell Communication
According to the biological cycles at which meiosis occurs, there are three biological cycles.
Haplonte Cycle
In species where adult individuals are haploid, the only diploid part of the life cycle is the zygote. Gametes are formed from the adult via mitosis. By uniting, gametes form a diploid zygote, which undergoes meiosis (zygotic meiosis) and gives rise to haploid cells that develop into haploid adults. This cycle occurs in some algae and fungi.
Diplonte Cycle
In species where adults are always
Read MoreInlays and Onlays: A Comprehensive Guide
Introduction
Inlays and onlays are indirect dental restorations used to repair damaged or decayed teeth. Unlike fillings, which are placed directly into the tooth, inlays and onlays are fabricated in a dental laboratory and then bonded to the tooth. They offer several advantages over traditional fillings, including enhanced durability, aesthetics, and preservation of tooth structure.
What are Inlays and Onlays?
An inlay is a solid piece of material that fits within the cusps (raised points) on the
Read MoreGenetic Engineering and Its Applications
Gene Therapy
Perhaps the most exciting application of genetic engineering is gene therapy in humans.
Gene therapy aims to treat, cure, and prevent diseases caused by a single defective gene by introducing a therapeutic or functional gene into the patient.
The insertion of a functional gene is intended to replace and repair the defective gene, correct the genetic anomaly, or provide these cells with a new feature that addresses the inadequacies of cells in a given tissue.
Types of Gene Therapy
There are
Read MoreSteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Cancer Therapies
Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Major Hormones Secreted by Adrenals
Major hormones secreted by adrenals are: cortisol, corticosterone, and aldosterone. They are classified into glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
Glucocorticoids
Glucocorticoids act on the metabolism of carbohydrates, stimulating gluconeogenesis and regulating inflammatory response. The main representative is cortisol.
Among its purposes are:
- Lipid metabolism (body fat distribution)
- Abnormal bone tissue (high doses cause osteoporosis)
Biology Notes: Cells, Reproduction & More
Biology Notes
Different Parts of Flowers
Stamen (male)
| Pistil (female)
|
| Ovary contains Ovules, which develop into seeds upon fertilization |
How Twins Are Formed
Fraternal TwinsFraternal twins are formed from the fertilization of two eggs by two different sperm. They |