Fundamentals of Human Biology
1. Levels of Organization
Atoms: Chemical elements that make up living organisms.
Molecules: Components from which cells build structures, reaching cells from the blood.
Cells: The basic unit of living things, responsible for nourishment, waste elimination, interaction, and reproduction.
Tissue: A group of specialized cells combined for a particular function.
Organ: Composed of different tissues with a specific function.
Apparatus: Association of organs working together for a specific function.
Homeostasis:
Read MoreCell Division and Genetics: Meiosis, Mitosis, and Alterations
Meiosis, Mitosis, and Early Genetics
4 – Meiosis, mitosis, and early genetics and gene expression mechanisms, genetic alterations: enzymopathies and metabolic diseases, chromosomal anomalies: Down syndrome, Turner, Klinefelter, the “cat’s meow,” Edwards, and Patau.
Of the various forms of reproduction (division to multiply) in living cells, in humans, mitosis and meiosis both occur in interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (practice with plasticine models). Chromosomes are in the
Read MoreDrug Design and Development Strategies
Drug Design and Development
Penicillin Synthesis
In the design and development of new drugs, strategies based on what exists in nature are often applied. For example, in the design of new penicillins, three hypotheses are considered: biological synthesis, chemical synthesis, and a mixed approach. Biological synthesis, using fermentation culture mediums, yields limited side chains. Chemical synthesis, while producing a wider range of side chains, is difficult and has low yields. Therefore, a mixed
Read MoreHuman Physiology: Digestion, Respiration, Endocrine Systems
Human Physiology: Digestive System
Many nutrients we ingest are large molecules (starch, fats, proteins) that must be broken into smaller molecules (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids) to enter the bloodstream and be transported to cells. This process is called digestion. Vitamins, water, glucose, and minerals are small enough to be absorbed directly without digestion, as is ethanol.
Digestive Organs
The digestive system includes: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
Read MoreBlood Composition and Human Circulatory System
Composition of the Blood
Blood is a composite liquid with a plasma part and blood cells.
Plasma
Plasma is the liquid, yellowish part of blood, making up 90%. It contains a variety of substances including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, O2, CO2, and nitrogen. Plasma without some blood serum proteins is called blood serum. When solidified, it is called coagulation.
Blood Cells
- Red blood cells or erythrocytes: These are biconcave cells without nuclei. They are elastic and deformable. Their red
Bryophytes: Terrestrial Plants with Simple Morphology
Bryophytes
Bryophytes are characteristic of moist terrestrial environments. Some show adaptations allowing them to occupy diverse environments, from aquatic to polar regions. They depend on water for anterozóide displacement to the egg cell. No marine representatives exist in this division.
These plants are used ornamentally, with fern roots as orchid substrate. Samambaiuçu trunks are used. Some ferns have anthelmintic properties, while certain shoots are carcinogenic.
Bryophytes
This division comprises
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