Cellular Components and Biological Organization
Cellular Components
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are polymorphic organelles, varying from spherical to elongated forms. They are abundant in eukaryotic cells, especially those with high biochemical energy demands. Mitochondria have an outer membrane with protein channels, an intermembrane space, and a folded inner membrane. The inner matrix contains enzymes and mitochondrial ribosomes. Their main activity is to oxidize organic matter, storing energy in ATP molecules.
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are typical
Read MoreHuman Anatomy: Bones, Muscles, and Nervous System
Human Body Planes
Midsagittal Plane
Cuts the human figure in the anatomical position from top to bottom and front to back through the midline of the body, dividing it into two equal and symmetrical halves.
Medio-frontal Plane
Cuts the human figure from top to bottom and side to side, separating it into two parts: anterior (front) and posterior (back).
Mid-horizontal Plane
Cuts the human figure at waist/navel height, running from front to back. The upper part is called superior and the lower part is called
Read MoreUnderstanding Viruses: Structure, Classification, and Diseases
Virus Structure and Composition
Viruses, existing on the borderline of life, are acellular entities smaller than bacteria. They lack independent motion, feeding, and reproduction, thus parasitizing other living organisms. They form their own kingdom: the Virus Kingdom.
A virus consists of a protein structure (capsid) made of capsomeres, and genetic material (DNA or RNA). Some viruses possess receptors around the capsid for better cell attachment, and some have a membrane derived from the host cell.
Read MoreCommon Swine Diseases: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Control
Rhinitis, Atrophic
Infectious and chronic condition characterized by hypoplasia and destruction of nasal turbinates. It is progressive and chronic.
- Progressive: Stronger. Caused by two bacteria: Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida type D.
- Non-progressive: Caused only by Bordetella bronchiseptica.
Etiology
Multifactorial. Bacteria: Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida type D (dermonecrotic toxin-producing).
Predisposing factors: Excess ammonia gas, inadequate ventilation, overcrowding,
Read MoreCellular Respiration and DNA: The Building Blocks of Life
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the set of biochemical reactions occurring in most cells. Pyruvic acid, produced by glycolysis, is split into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), producing 38 molecules of ATP. The general formula is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O, releasing 38 ATP molecules in eukaryotic cells. This process occurs in the mitochondria in three stages:
- Oxidation of pyruvic acid
- Tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
- Respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation
Cell Biology: Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is the part of the cell contained between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane. It consists of the hyaloplasm (cytosol) and organelles, with a cytoskeleton immersed within. The hyaloplasm is a 70-85% water solution, with the remaining 15-30% composed of dissolved or suspended components: carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins, nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleic acids, mineral salts, and ions.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of long, thin protein filaments
Read More