Food Microbiology: Preservation, Safety, and Industrial Applications
Preserved foods, often produced from aerobic fermentation using Aspergillus genus fungi, include supplements and food additives. Highlights include vitamins such as B12 and the amino acid ASPAT, as well as glutamine, phenylalanine, etc. 2.1.2. Preservation of Food Against Microorganisms: Food can be broken down and altered by microorganisms. Several preservation methods exist, including: A) Regulation of Humidity: Controlling water content prevents microorganism proliferation. Methods include:
Proteins: Structure, Function, and Classification
Proteins
Proteins are organic biomolecules formed by carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, and to a lesser extent, sulfur and phosphorus. Sometimes other elements such as iron and copper are also present. These complex macromolecules have high molecular weights and are formed by the union of simpler molecules called amino acids. In other words, proteins are polymers whose monomers are amino acids.
Amino Acids
Structure
Amino acids are the structural units of proteins. While about 200 different amino
Read MoreCellular Components and Biological Organization
Cellular Components
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are polymorphic organelles, varying from spherical to elongated forms. They are abundant in eukaryotic cells, especially those with high biochemical energy demands. Mitochondria have an outer membrane with protein channels, an intermembrane space, and a folded inner membrane. The inner matrix contains enzymes and mitochondrial ribosomes. Their main activity is to oxidize organic matter, storing energy in ATP molecules.
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are typical
Read MoreHuman Anatomy: Bones, Muscles, and Nervous System
Human Body Planes
Midsagittal Plane
Cuts the human figure in the anatomical position from top to bottom and front to back through the midline of the body, dividing it into two equal and symmetrical halves.
Medio-frontal Plane
Cuts the human figure from top to bottom and side to side, separating it into two parts: anterior (front) and posterior (back).
Mid-horizontal Plane
Cuts the human figure at waist/navel height, running from front to back. The upper part is called superior and the lower part is called
Read MoreUnderstanding Viruses: Structure, Classification, and Diseases
Virus Structure and Composition
Viruses, existing on the borderline of life, are acellular entities smaller than bacteria. They lack independent motion, feeding, and reproduction, thus parasitizing other living organisms. They form their own kingdom: the Virus Kingdom.
A virus consists of a protein structure (capsid) made of capsomeres, and genetic material (DNA or RNA). Some viruses possess receptors around the capsid for better cell attachment, and some have a membrane derived from the host cell.
Read MoreCommon Swine Diseases: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Control
Rhinitis, Atrophic
Infectious and chronic condition characterized by hypoplasia and destruction of nasal turbinates. It is progressive and chronic.
- Progressive: Stronger. Caused by two bacteria: Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida type D.
- Non-progressive: Caused only by Bordetella bronchiseptica.
Etiology
Multifactorial. Bacteria: Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida type D (dermonecrotic toxin-producing).
Predisposing factors: Excess ammonia gas, inadequate ventilation, overcrowding,
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