Fish Anatomy, Physiology, and Common Species
Fish Anatomy and Physiology
Muscles
Formed by two dorsal and two ventral muscles. Fibered packages are called myotomes, which are separated by a membrane called the myoseptum.
The color of the muscle will be more reddish in more active fish, as in swimming, due to the need for more irrigation. According to the irrigation, muscles can be classified as more or less fatty.
- Fatty fish: > 5% fat content (e.g., oily fish with external metallic coloring, such as teal)
- Medium-fat fish: 2-5% fat content
- Lean
Genetic Expression: Transcription and Translation in Cells
Genetic Expression: Transcription and Translation
Transcription: The synthesis of RNA from DNA. A strand of RNA is a sequence of bases complementary to the original.
Translation: Passing on the information contained in the RNA to proteins.
These processes always occur in the cell.
Purpose: To control the operation of the cell (coordinating all cellular processes).
- “Mold string”: The strand that is transcribed.
- “Chain Information”: The strand complementary to the mold strand. It resembles the mRNA, but
Human Muscular System: Anatomy and Function
Muscle Anatomy
In human anatomy, the muscular system is the set of over 600 muscles in the body whose main function is to generate movement, whether voluntary or involuntary. Muscle is one of the body tissues of humans and other animals. It is contractile in nature, meaning it is characterized by its ability to contract, usually in response to nervous stimulation. The structural and functional unit of muscle is the muscle fiber. It is a very small, thread-like structure consisting of complex proteins.
Read MoreFundamentals of Genetics: Inheritance, Chromosomes, and Mutations
1. Basic Concepts of Genetics
„h Trait (or hereditary character): A feature passed through generations.
„h Gene: A unit of hereditary material determining a trait.
„h Genotype: The set of genes in a cell for a character or organism.
„h Phenotype: Observable characteristics of an organism.
„h Allele: An alternative form of a gene.
„h Homozygote: An individual with identical alleles for a trait (pure-breeding).
„h Heterozygote: An individual with two different alleles for a trait (hybrid).
Types
Read MoreEnzymes and Vitamins: Essential Roles in Metabolism
Enzymes: Biological Catalysts
Enzymes are biological catalysts crucial for metabolic reactions and sustaining life in living creatures. They are usually proteins, although ribonucleoprotein enzymes, known as ribozymes, also exist. The region of the enzyme where the substrate fits is called the active site. The bond between the enzyme and substrate involves steric recognition. Enzymes are highly specific for each substrate and each biochemical reaction.
Key Features of Enzymes:
- Decrease the activation
Taxonomy and Biological Classification of Living Organisms
Unranked Systems
The advancement of knowledge led scientists to a conclusion: a series of common features are found in individuals of each group. These tri-fold categories are homogeneous. One of the group’s advantages is that it is able to include living beings until the moment they are unknown. A classification is good if it refers to characteristics that do not vary in people. According to the criterion, we get one or the other, and it is important that the classification criterion is objective
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