Human Body Systems: Functions and Interactions
The Senses
Vision
From the optical point of view, the focus point (where the image is formed) is beyond the eye, rather than on the retina.
- Astigmatism: A condition that causes the formation of blurred images due to irregularities in the curvature of the cornea.
All these problems can also be found in any device with artificial lenses. For example, a telescope can have astigmatism.
Hearing
The ear consists of three regions:
- Outer ear: The visible part, formed by the outer ear and the ear canal.
- Middle ear:
Human Body Systems and Functions: A Detailed Look
Circulatory System
The circulatory system is a set of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.
Locomotor System
The locomotor system is a group of the skeletal system, joints, and muscles. These systems, coordinated by the nervous system, allow locomotion.
Reproductive System
The reproductive system consists of the sex organs (male and female).
Respiratory System
The respiratory system includes the organs used for respiration, primarily the lungs, within which we can find the bronchioles and cilia.
Urinary
Read MoreHuman Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Physiology
Nervous System
BIOL 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology I
Michael Powers, PhD, ATC, CSCS, EMT
Nervous System Function
- Receive sensory information (sensory input)
- Integrate & process information
- Produce an action or response (motor output)
Nervous System Organization
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Components
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Functions
- Command center (the boss) – integrates sensory input & directs motor output
- Higher order functions
- Learning, memory, decisions, emotions, sleep, etc.
- Components
- Peripheral Nervous System
Ecosystems and Population Dynamics: Key Concepts
Ecosystems: Definition and Types
An ecosystem is a system composed of a set of interrelated elements. Specifically, it consists of a biotope and a biocenosis, which produce many complex interactions between its components.
- Biotope: A substrate comprising physical and chemical characteristics.
- Biocenosis: All living organisms within the ecosystem.
Types of Ecosystems
- Terrestrial Ecosystems: These are conditioned by climate. Ecological factors are dependent on weather conditions. There is a great diversity
Enzyme Function and Regulation: Key Concepts in Biochemistry
Enzyme
A biomolecule that catalyzes chemical reactions.
Absolute Specificity
The characteristic of an enzyme that it acts on one and only one substance.
Relative Specificity
The characteristic of an enzyme that it acts on several structurally related substances.
Stereochemical Specificity
The characteristic of an enzyme that it is able to distinguish between stereoisomers.
Substrate
The substance that undergoes a chemical change catalyzed by an enzyme.
Inborn Error of Metabolism
A disease in which a genetic
Read MoreOrgan Transplants, Human Reproduction, and Genetic Engineering
Types of Transplants
- Autograft: Donor and recipient are the same individual.
- Isotransplant: Donor and recipient are identical twins.
- Xenotransplantation: Donor and recipient are different species.
- Allogeneic: Donor and recipient are of the same species but are not genetically identical.
Problems of Transplants
- Immune Rejection: White blood cells detect something odd and try to destroy it. So, if the donor and recipient are not identical, rejection will occur. To avoid rejection, powerful drugs called