Human Evolution: From Primates to Modern Homo Sapiens
- Forelimbs endowed with great mobility: Prehensile toes, flat nails, opposable thumb, which promotes dexterity.
- Stereoscopic vision: The position of the eyes in front, to calculate distances.
- Unspecialized digestive system, which can have a very varied diet: plants, carrion, meat, insects.
- A very limited number of descendants: With large units of the mother after birth, thereby developing a complex social behavior.
Genetic Changes Conditioning the Human Species: Hominization
It is a complex biological
Read MoreHuman Body, Lab Equipment, and Daily Routine
Human Body
- Body: This term refers to the physical structure of a living organism, including humans. It includes all the organs, tissues, cells, and systems that work to maintain life and perform various functions.
- Brain: It is the complex organ that serves as the center of the nervous system.
- Heart: It is a muscular organ situated in the chest that functions as the central pump of the circulatory system.
- Liver: It is a vital organ situated in the upper right side of the abdomen. It plays an essential
Fish Anatomy, Physiology, and Common Species
Fish Anatomy and Physiology
Muscles
Formed by two dorsal and two ventral muscles. Fibered packages are called myotomes, which are separated by a membrane called the myoseptum.
The color of the muscle will be more reddish in more active fish, as in swimming, due to the need for more irrigation. According to the irrigation, muscles can be classified as more or less fatty.
- Fatty fish: > 5% fat content (e.g., oily fish with external metallic coloring, such as teal)
- Medium-fat fish: 2-5% fat content
- Lean
Genetic Expression: Transcription and Translation in Cells
Genetic Expression: Transcription and Translation
Transcription: The synthesis of RNA from DNA. A strand of RNA is a sequence of bases complementary to the original.
Translation: Passing on the information contained in the RNA to proteins.
These processes always occur in the cell.
Purpose: To control the operation of the cell (coordinating all cellular processes).
- “Mold string”: The strand that is transcribed.
- “Chain Information”: The strand complementary to the mold strand. It resembles the mRNA, but
Human Muscular System: Anatomy and Function
Muscle Anatomy
In human anatomy, the muscular system is the set of over 600 muscles in the body whose main function is to generate movement, whether voluntary or involuntary. Muscle is one of the body tissues of humans and other animals. It is contractile in nature, meaning it is characterized by its ability to contract, usually in response to nervous stimulation. The structural and functional unit of muscle is the muscle fiber. It is a very small, thread-like structure consisting of complex proteins.
Read MoreFundamentals of Genetics: Inheritance, Chromosomes, and Mutations
1. Basic Concepts of Genetics
„h Trait (or hereditary character): A feature passed through generations.
„h Gene: A unit of hereditary material determining a trait.
„h Genotype: The set of genes in a cell for a character or organism.
„h Phenotype: Observable characteristics of an organism.
„h Allele: An alternative form of a gene.
„h Homozygote: An individual with identical alleles for a trait (pure-breeding).
„h Heterozygote: An individual with two different alleles for a trait (hybrid).
Types
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