Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration: Mechanisms and Structures
Electron Carriers in the Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain
The electron carriers involved in the electron transport of the photosynthetic system (Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain) are:
- Plastoquinone (PQ)
- Functions as a mobile electron carrier between Photosystem II (PSII) and the Cytochrome b6f complex.
- Cytochrome b6f complex
- A multi-subunit protein complex that facilitates electron transfer from Plastoquinone to Plastocyanin and contributes to the proton gradient.
- Plastocyanin (PC)
- A copper-
Human Circulatory and Excretory Systems: Function and Health
1. The Internal Environment
The internal environment is the set of extracellular fluid found inside an organism. In humans, the internal environment is composed mainly of interstitial plasma and circulating fluids: blood and lymph.
- Interstitial Plasma: Originates from the blood that has been filtered through the thin walls of capillaries.
- Lymph: A liquid that forms from interstitial plasma circulating through the lymph vessels.
2. The Blood Circulatory System
Blood Vessels
- Arteries: Carry blood from the
RNA: Structure, Function, and Types in Protein Synthesis
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid comprising a chain of ribonucleotides. It is present both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and is the only genetic material of certain viruses (virus RNA). The cellular RNA is linear and single-stranded, but in the genome of some viruses, it is double-stranded.
Cellular organisms use RNA in different roles. The molecule directs the intermediate stages of protein synthesis. DNA cannot act alone, and RNA is used to transfer this vital information
Read MoreCellular Processes and Biological Kingdoms: An In-Depth Look
Photosynthesis: How Plants Make Food
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food. It is based on the ability of plants to transform the sun’s energy into chemical energy stored in the bonds of certain molecules. Through this process, different lifestyles we see on Earth are possible. This process takes place in beings that have the pigment chlorophyll, located in specific cell organelles. The keepers of chlorophyll are green vegetables and some bacteria. In green plants, the
Read MoreEssential Characteristics and Components of Living Beings
Defined Functions of Living Beings
- Nutrition: Exchange of matter and energy with the outside
- Reproduction: Leaving offspring, keeping the species
- Engaging: Layers respond to stimuli
Bioelements
All living things have a restricted group of parent chemical elements (C, H, N, P, S) that have special properties to build molecules of living beings. They constitute 98% of its weight.
Children (Ca, K, Mg, Cl, I, Cu, Zn) – some do not reach 0.1% and receive the name “trace” due to their low proportion (Fe), but
Read MoreEnzyme Activity and Regulation: A Comprehensive Look
Enzymes: Biological Catalysts
Enzymes are usually proteins that specifically catalyze certain biochemical reactions by binding to the molecule or metabolite that is going to transform, the substrate. There are also ribonucleoprotein enzymes called ribozymes. The region of the enzyme where the substrate fits is the active site. The bond between enzyme and substrate involves a steric recognition, i.e., related to the shape and size of the substrate itself, which binds specifically. Therefore, the variety
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