Biological Buffers, Acute Phase Proteins, and Enzymes: Understanding Key Physiological Processes
Biological Buffers
Biological buffers are ionic species that attempt to neutralize excess acid or base to maintain the pH in equilibrium. Principal buffers:
- Intracellular: Phosphate; Glucose 6P; ATP.
- Interstitial: CO3H2/CO3H- (bicarbonate buffer), protein, phosphate.
- Blood – Intraerythrocytic: CO3H2/CO3H- (bicarbonate), Hemoglobin / Oxyhemoglobin; phosphate.
- Plasma: Proteins, Phosphates; CO3H2/CO3H-.
Bicarbonate buffer: CO2 (g) <–> CO2 (dis) <–> CO2 (blood) + H2O <- + zn ++ -> carbonic
Read MoreVascular Plants: Clubmosses, Horsetails, and Rhyniophyta
Rhyniophyta
- The most primitive vascular plants.
- Extinct, grew in shallow waters in the Paleozoic era.
- They did not have true roots, but a rhizome – an underground stem (podzemok) with rhizoids (pakorienky).
- The stem was photosynthetic, lacking leaves.
- It branched into telomes (telómy).
- Isomorphic metagenesis: sporophyte and gametophyte looked alike.
Clubmosses
- Botanists first thought they resembled moss, which is why “moss” is in the name. The “club” part of the name comes from the club-like shape
Understanding Bodily Injuries from Falls and Trauma
Infanticidal Damaging
Resume of precipitation injuries: “Skin intact or little affected, very serious internal damage, consisting of skeletal fractures, soft tissue breakdown and, above all, of viscera, offering the most varied combinations.” Divided into three categories: skin lesions, skeletal, and visceral.
A) Skin Lesions
Precipitation often results in total or near-total integrity of the skin. Skin elasticity can offer great resistance to lesions. Skin lesions are usually minor, consisting of
Read MoreCellular Respiration and Enzyme Activity: Key Concepts
Cellular Respiration and Enzyme Activity
Cellular respiration, the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen, is an example of a pathway of catabolism.
The synthesis of protein from amino acids is an example of anabolism.
A Cell Does Three Main Kinds of Work:
- Chemical
- Transport
- Mechanical
Energy coupling is the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.
ATP is composed of ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups.
The bonds between the phosphate groups of
Read MoreCellular Organelles, Tissues, and Body Systems
Membranous Organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A network of flattened membranous sacs.
- Rough ER: Connected to the nuclear envelope, covered with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins.
- Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids.
Golgi Complex
Network of membranous sacs with dilated ends. A pile of these sacs forms a dictyosome. It produces lysosomes.
Mitochondria
Rod-shaped, double membrane (inner and outer). Inner membrane has folds called cristae. The space inside is the matrix. They specialize in synthesizing
Human Reproduction: From Gametes to the Reproductive System
Human Reproduction
Reproductive functions are a set of processes by which a living thing produces another living being identical or similar to it, which ensures the continuity of the individual, not as an isolated organism, but as a species.
Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
There are two modes of reproduction among living organisms: asexual and sexual. The first requires the participation of an individual and does not require the formation of sex cells. The human species reproduces sexually, so there
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