Philosophy & Anthropology: Truth, Knowledge, and Human Nature

Posted on Nov 10, 2024 in Philosophy and ethics

Topic 3: Philosophy as the Search for the Truth

1. Questions Concerning the Concept of ‘Truth’

We define man as a ‘rational animal’. That rationality implies that man has the ability to think, to ask questions. A priori, we do not agree with an answer, but we hope it is true (indeed, eagerness).

In response to this question, we can speak of three needs:

1. Need to live
2. Anthropological metaphysics need
3. Need for ethics

1) To survive, man needs to know his environment. Instinct to survive alleged shortcomings. Thanks to our intelligence, we have known the nature of our environment and have adapted it to our needs.

2) Once man understands nature and turns to look at himself, he wonders about human nature.

3) After having known nature and himself, he wonders what is the mode of action, how to behave in accordance with human nature.

What is truth?

To establish a concept of truth, we must distinguish between:

• Ontological truth (or entity)
• Epistemological truth (or understanding)

Ontological Truth

What is being? ‘Ente’ comes from Latin, meaning ‘what is’, ‘what has to be’. In philosophy, everything, absolutely everything, is being.

Epistemological Truth

When talking about truth, we mean the truth of understanding. The truth is the fitness of a trial with reality. The classical definition of truth coincides with the epistemological concept of truth (of understanding). When we use intelligence to discover the mystery of things, what we get is the epistemological truth.

You can tell when these concepts relate to ontological truth; it is the epistemological foundation of truth. He does not believe the truth but tries to discover it in its own reality. Subjectivism says that nothing is truth or lie.

Realism

Realism coincides with sound common sense. Its theses are:

1. There is a world
2. There is man
3. Using our feelings and knowledge properly, we can achieve true knowledge.

Experience of Error

Why did we go wrong?

Because we have not seen the object, or we started from a point that is incorrect, or we have not implemented the laws of logic well, or because at some point we have known something beyond our knowledge.

Despite this, we should not think that it is impossible to achieve true knowledge.

What are the instruments of knowledge?

• The senses
• Reason

Appropriate use of our instruments of perception means that each type of reality requires a certain instrument and method of knowledge.

Example: You can wash a silk tie at 60 degrees, but the result will be different from what comes out of the washer.

2. Subjective Aspects of Knowledge

• Certainty: From evidence or faith
• Doubt
• Review

These issues have nothing to do with the objective aspects of knowledge.

Certainty: State of mind.

• Certainty of Evidence: It is when the thing known as reality itself is facing the knowing subject (us).
• Certainty of Faith: It is based on the credibility or authority of the witness.

When there is certainty about something, we are confident, but we tend to err. Reality cannot guarantee accuracy.

Doubt: State of mind that oscillates between two options but does not prefer either (50% / 50%).

Review: Subjective side in our minds. We have no certainty, nor a state of doubt, but an indication for one of the alternatives (60%, 40%).

The truth depends on reality.

3. Scepticism, Subjectivism and Relativism

Printed class notes.

Item 4: Division of Philosophy: The Philosophical Disciplines

Defines ethics as a science that categorically rules in the light of reason.

Human actions (which are conscious and free) are different from the acts of man.

Ethics studies human acts from their legality.

Speculative philosophy is divided into two: real philosophy and the philosophy of knowledge. Real philosophy does not consider things in themselves but sees them just as they are in the mind of the man who knows.

1. Real Philosophy

Regards entities in themselves in their own reality or entity, i.e., independently of our knowledge. Within real philosophy is the discipline that seeks to find the absolute latest causes. The discipline that seeks the ultimate cause is absolute metaphysics. So Aristotle called first philosophy in their sense of reasoning.

Metaphysics is beyond physics. Metaphysics belongs to the third degree of abstraction.

Metaphysics is defined as the belief of being ‘encuanto body’ (which makes it, what makes them). Metaphysics studies all beings in that it has to be. Metaphysics does not ask how things are but why are they?

Theodicies, natural theology, or philosophy is that which studies God as the first cause of being. Within the disciplines that study root causes are:

1. Philosophy of nature: ‘belief that studies the body as a mobile phone’

The purpose of this philosophy is nature, natural realities. The natives are all those realities that are not artificial. A common feature of all natural realities is that they are subject to change, to movement. In nature, there is nothing that is not subject to movement.

Within the beings of natural reality is man, who is being studied by another discipline that studies the whole man from the point of view of their nature or essence, from the point of view that makes man as he is.

2. Philosophy of Knowledge

Logic is the instruction manual for the use of reason. Reason is the instrument of philosophy, then it is logical that logic is an instrument of philosophy.

We must distinguish between:

• Material logic: It deals with the truth and falsity of arguments.
• Formal logic: It deals with the correction to the incorrectness.

From the 19th century, logic became a formal logic. When this happens, natural logic is assumed in the theory of knowledge.

Theory of Knowledge

Is defined as the study of human knowledge from the perspective of truth, and that will be the formal object.

The philosophy of science: the physical object is science.

3. Practical Philosophy: Ethics

Practical philosophy is what is commonly called ethics. Ethics and moral mean the same thing. Morality is relative, which leads to giving a bit of relativism… moral relativism.

Item 5: Introduction to Anthropology

1. The Question of Man

The question of man is something inherent. This question requires an answer that serves a practical purpose.

In a generic sense, there are many disciplines that study man directly. These disciplines study particular aspects of man and have different levels of depth. The study of man can be divided into extension and intention or depth. There is no single science to study man, although there are many.

The study of the different disciplines uses analysis. The analysis is divided. After analysis comes synthesis.

2. Physical, Social, Cultural and Philosophical Anthropology

The anthropological term is a polyvalent term. We can distinguish between:

1. Physical Anthropology
2. Socio-cultural Anthropology
3. Philosophical Anthropology

Anthropology: The study of humans from a biological perspective, in social, cultural and philosophical terms. Anthropology is divided into three main areas: physical anthropology, which deals with biological evolution and the physiological adaptation of human beings; social or cultural anthropology, which deals with the ways in which people live in society, i.e., the forms of evolution of their language, culture and customs; and philosophical anthropology, which studies man from the perspective of its ultimate principles or fundamental aspects of its essence or being.

Physical anthropology (biological or physical anthropology) is the branch of anthropology that studies the nature and evolution of physical and biological characteristics of man and human groups and their influence on the processes of formation of the personality, culture and society. Therefore, physical anthropology is concerned primarily with human evolution, human biology and the study of other primates, using methods of work used in the natural sciences.

Cultural anthropology, social or socio-cultural, studies the origin, formation and organization of beliefs, behavioral and sociocultural systems of man and human groups. The term ‘cultural anthropology’ was born in the United States, and its use subsequently took hold in Europe. In Great Britain, it had, in principle, a partial acceptance and ambiguous, as some anthropologists chose the name ‘social anthropology’ applied to the same field of research as ‘cultural anthropology’. Today, both terms can be used interchangeably, as well as ‘sociocultural anthropology’, because specialists often consider that all the differences between cultural anthropology and social anthropology have been erased, and a kind of mixed sociocultural discipline has been created that uses the methods and serves the objectives of both.

Philosophical anthropology: Anthropological studies were made until the eighteenth century; these studies were called psychological. In the eighteenth century, Christian Wolff distinguishes between:

• Rational Psychology: According to Wolff, it was deductive. This deduction goes from the universal to the particular.
• Empirical Psychology: According to Wolff, it was inductive. What is going inductively from the particular to the universal.

3. The Basic Dimensions or Basic Aspects of Man

The division of knowledge vision includes both sensible and intellectual knowledge. The affective level is constituted by feelings and emotions.

Unit 6: Knowledge, Trends and Affective

1. Sensitive Knowledge: Sensation and Perception (Chinese Proverb)

The experience of self-knowledge leads us to point out certain characteristics:

• Phenomenology of interiority: It means that we have the capacity to implement. Human beings cannot live constantly off what an environment suffers. On the other hand, man also has the ability to think about their own thoughts; this is what is known as the full reflection capability, to think our own thoughts.

We have different types of knowledge:

• Knowledge that you bring features, materials… MATERIAL KNOWLEDGE, INCLUDING CONCRETE (SENSIBLE)
• Abstract Universal Knowledge is what characterizes intellectual knowledge.

We can distinguish:

• Sensitive dimension
• Intellectual dimension

But we cannot separate them because they are part of a unique dynamic that constitutes human knowledge. All intellectual knowledge is created from sensitive knowledge, which means any intellectual knowledge is rooted in sense knowledge. Human knowledge is a structure. A structure is a set of elements that are interconnected with each other, so we cannot explain any of them without mentioning the other.

1st Phase: SENSATION. Notes, Some Basic Anthropological Concepts

In a sense, we can distinguish phases:

• Physical phase: Consists of the action of the stimulus.
• Psychological phase: Consists of the excitation reaction of the organism (physiological change).
• Mental stage: Is the feeling, the direct relationship between these phases occurs in the 2nd and 3rd stage, the intensity of feeling is not dependent on stimulus intensity but depends on physiological changes in the body.

Overall power is defined as the capacity to produce actions.

The schools responsible for feeling are called sensitive powers; these powers are sight, taste, touch, smell and hearing, which are universally known as the external senses.

Perception is the phase that presents significantly objects in an organized, structured and structured way.

In perception, the following occur:

1. Implication of the data: It can be done through two dimensions:
   • The feelings concerned are supplemented by feelings that belong to a different quality.
   • The current sensations are supplemented by feelings that belong to the same quality.
2. Fund Act, figure: What is the term directly from our perception always acts as a background figure.
3. Selection of the data implies at the same time a perception of the same.
4. Location in space and time.
5. Evaluation of the object.

The Powers of Perception

• Common sense: We must not understand common sense as being able to get all sensitive information, but because it is able to receive it, it is able to differentiate.
• How do we demonstrate the existence of sense?
  • There are two shows.
  • We do not feel alone, but also feel sorry that the ability to feel what we feel would be common sense.
• Imagination sensitive: No file beings, namely that all the feelings that we have ever experienced in the imagination are stored sensitively.
• Imagination stimulative: Is responsible for the assessment of the perceived object.
• Memory sensible: While the imagination keeps the memory saved as souvenirs, that is, the note added memory timing, noticed the past and also keeps the ratings, which carried out the stimulative-cogitative.

The result of the image perception is known as sensitive. Not to be confused with the sensitive imagination. Sensitive image presents concrete and material qualities of the object. Individual home is different. The sensitive imagination presents the object as partially.

The authority responsible for human knowledge is intelligence (“Intelligence => read inside). Intelligence acts as abstracting. The abstraction is to remove anything unique, and we are left with the abstract and universal. From the sensory image through abstraction and conceptualization, we get one concept.

• Concept: Mental grasp is defined as an essence.

The abstract concept has universal qualities of man. The concept is identical in each individual. We present the object so total.

4th Phase: JUDGEMENT => o PROPOSITION

A trial is a thought or proposition formation. The outline of a thought is limited to S P => concept subject, trials can distinguish the functions of the amount.

The functions can be positive or negative.

The four types of propositions are:

A: EVERY MAN IS JUST

E: NO MAN IS JUST

I: SOME MAN IS JUST

O: NO MAN IS JUST SOME

5th Phase: Reasoning => REASONING

Reasoning: In the basic anthropological concepts, from two or more prepositions, we can get an argument. The arguments can be of several types:

• Deductive
• INDUCTIVE

1) Deductive Reasoning (or Syllogism)

Deductive reasoning, in turn, can be:

• Simple
• Compound
• Connective
• Disjunctive
• Conditional

Example:

All men are mortal (premise)

Socrates is a man (premise)

Socrates is mortal (conclusion)

The concept repeated in the premises is ‘man’; this concept is called middle ground. It appears in the premises but does not appear in the conclusion.

The major premise is so named because it contains the term that is always greater than the predicate of the conclusion.

The minor premise contains the term minor. The lower end is always the subject of the conclusion.

2) Inductive Reasoning

The reasoning is the starting point particular premises, and the cancellation is universal.

Example:

Gold, Silver, copper, are conductors of electricity

Gold, silver, copper are metals

Metals are conductors of electricity.

3. Mind-Brain Male-Female Ratios

Mind = intelligence = Faculty spiritual””-> does not depend intrinsically on the subject.

Brain = organ physical or material.

The brain-mind relationships that we refer to are what is the cause of thought. To resolve this issue, we have to distinguish which are the different types of causes.

To resolve this issue, we have to distinguish which are the different types of causes:

• Case material
• Formal Cause -> efficient
• Formal Cause

1. Physicality Monism (Fergal / Armstrong)

   The cause of the brain is thought, and thought is material. The theorem is not physical but a hypothesis.

2. Emergency (M. Bunge)

   He claims that the cause of thought is the brain, but the thought is qualitatively different and superior to the brain.

   Man assumes that something qualitatively different emerges from the lower and upper.

3. Interactionist Dualism (K. Popper -> Eucles)

   They wrote, ‘the self and its brain’. Brain and intelligence interact to design thinking.

4. Thought, Symbol and Language

Sometimes we talk about animal language, but only man has language. And only man has language because he thought that it is able to abstract meaning through some signs. The ‘animal’ language is not arbitrary but conventional or naturally (using signs that are fixed and immutable within a species), whereas human language is conventional and arbitrary.

Animals do not speak because they have no thoughts, namely the ability to abstract from a material sign its meaning.

5. Trends and Their Classification

Tendency or appetite is defined as a natural activity that is directed to an end. We interpret trends and desires not only in the sense of attraction but of rejection. We can classify trends under different criteria; there are two:

• According to its origin:
  • Trends innate – Instincts
  • Tendencies learned – habits
• According to the way in which he presented his subject:
  • Trends do not psychic – natural appetite
  • T. sensibles
  • Psychic-Trends:
    • T. intellectual (or will)

An instinct is defined as a complex tendency, innate and specific.

It is innate because it is given by nature. It specifies that all individuals of a species share the same instincts; we can distinguish between the substance and form. The substance is something that is oriented toward the instinct, and the way is how to do it, to carry it out.

Trend acquired or habit is not instinctive, not seeing given by nature, is acquired through learning, teaching, etc. (e.g., driving, reading, etc.).

Trends are not psychic those that are directed toward an object, a purpose that has been presented by the knowledge (e.g., the tendency of the roots of plants to get water, etc.).

Noticeable trend is one that is directed toward an object that has been submitted by intellectual knowledge.

Intellectual tendency is one that is directed toward an object that has been submitted by intellectual knowledge.

Both tendencies may conflict.

The will and intelligence are considered the higher faculties of man.

Will is defined as a trend that is directed toward an object presented by intellectual knowledge in the aspect of good (positive, desirable, beneficial).

The acts will perform are called acts of will (or volition). Volitional acts may include: deliberate involved in freedom, or unintended where freedom does not intervene.

In general terms, you can define freedom as the absence of coercion.

There are different types of liberty: physical, moral (and interior, or spirit) and of choice (or free will), which in turn is defined in freedom of action and specifications do.

Freedom is the physical possibility to act, to act upon the very nature or essence.

Moral freedom is the impossibility of doing moral evil; it does not mean the possibility of choosing between good and evil, does it mean that evil is not even raised as an option.

Freedom of choice is the ability to act or not act and to choose between one thing or another when all conditions are necessarily required.

Freedom of action is the ability to act or not when all conditions are necessarily required.

Freedom of specification is the ability to act or not act and to choose between one thing or another when all conditions are necessarily required.

Physical freedom and inner freedom correspond to the vertical, while the freedom of choice divided into freedom of action and specifications do not correspond to the horizontal freedom.

6. Human Freedom and Its Meaning

Human meaning of freedom: we have two opposing possibilities.

1. Total freedom, absolute, limited by Sartre.
2. Denial of total and absolute freedom, is what is called determinism. There are several types of determinism: Physical, physiological, psychological and socio-cultural.

SARTRE: Man has total freedom, absolute. For Sartre, man is not born but made. For Sartre, man has no nature or essence, but we are going by creating in our lives, as we are working, as we take decisions. These decisions are made freely. Mounier Montain For every man is individual and may reach or not to become a person. You are confusing two levels:

• The ontological or metaphysical to the ethical plane.

The problem is Sartre, is that confusion.

Determinism

Is the current that radically negates the existence of human freedom. Physical Determinism: Denies human freedom; he argues that man is a material being and a tautology is subjected to physical laws of which we cannot…..

Physiological determinism: Man considered not only as physical beings but as living beings.

Psychological Determinism: The representative is Freud. For psychological determinism, man is not free because knowledge is seen by non-conscious levels.

Socio-Cultural determinism: According to this determinism, we are not free because our freedom is annulled by educational factors, social, etc.

7. Feelings and Emotions

1. Unity and Duality of Man: An Ontological Question

• Materialistic / mechanistic pose: Understand that man is only matter.
• Dualist stances: They believe that man is matter but is not only matter but that there is an element that is qualitatively different from the material (psyche, soul, spirit, ‘I’). Within the dualist positions are two lines:
  • Body:
  • Union accidental (Plato, Descartes)
  • Union substantial (Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas)
  • Psyche / soul / spirit / I””

Union accidental: In a bowl of rice with milk, rice and milk are close together, are together, but we can distinguish and separate them. The elements are together, but each retains its identity. The elements are together, but each retains its identity.

For Descartes, there are three substances that do not communicate with each other and are res cogitans (soul / I), res extensa (matter / body) and res infinite (God). Descartes cannot explain that, for example, I decide to move the arm and move because he did not explain that there is communication between the substances, is this house between the self and body.

Substantial Union: A custard dish is milk, sugar, eggs together and cannot be separated. Man is formed with body and soul but has a body that should not be confused either with the body or the soul. For Aristotle, body and soul are essential principles (which constitute its essence) of man. The body and soul are not separate from man, but if they come together and also binds the identity if formed man.

2. Biogenesis of the Anthropogenesis

KEY REPROGRAPHY 460

3. The Human Embodiment and Their Meanings

Do I have a body?, Or am I a body?.

We have a body because we are one body.

Basic claims of anthropology on human embodiment.:

1. The body is an essential principle of man.
2. The body is constitutive of human perfection.
   • Expresses and manifests an inner or privacy.
   • Lets be, living and acting in the world.
   • It is a principle of individuation.
3. The body is the principle of limitation and instrument of the soul / self.

Prospects for the study of embodiment:

1. Exterior objective: Studying the body simply as an external reality that has several dimensions that can be quantified.
2. Intimacy subjective: It consists of the experience that each person has of his own physicality, from the point of view of phenomenology.
3. Intimacy objective: It consists in studying the human body as an objective reality but expresses an inner life, an intimacy. This approach is typical of the philosophical anthropology of human logic.
4. Exterior subjective consists of artistic and cultural expression of the experience we have of the very embodiment of an experience either individually or collectively.

Basic Afirmacaiones of anthropology on human embodiment ‘

1. The body is an essential principle of man: Essential does not mean important, but part of the essence. In this sense, the self is as important as the body. That consideration of the human body is not ethical consequences derived the following:
   1. The human body requires and deserves respect and care.
2. The body is a constructive process of human perfection (sandra).
3. The body is the principle of limitation and instrument of the soul: The body is material, and as all material is subject to deteriorate with old age and death. Even in the exercise of the soul’s own contest requires the help of the corporeality of the body. Intelligence develops concepts from the sensory image.

4. Between the Wish of Limitation and Infinity. Death as a Philosophical Problem and Human.

Intelligence is oriented towards the search for truth; we know the truth, but that is not possible, and we settle for having a partial truth.

The will is directed towards the good. The property will have it finite. Our will is free in front of all goods.

Happiness understood as a natural desire. Natural desire is not a fad but part of our core; we cannot give up despite that we are convinced that we will not reach it. The mere prospect of death would give the contrast with this, although certainly not a perspective but it is a certainty. Man is the only being that has consciousness of death. Animals die, ‘while men die,’ they say some authors.

What is death?

From the standpoint of biology, death is the biological event ended, the last phase of development.

From a medical consideration, throughout history, the criteria for determining death have changed.

From a philosophical point of view, it means the separation between body and soul, understood as the vital principle that animates it (that gives life).

We have an understanding of theoretical or practical death. Theoretical: it is the law of life, etc. Practice: through the death of a loved one, death shows how the bond rupture between the bonds of love between people.

How does death occur?

• As something external or something that is part of us?

Most authors consider that death is something external, which cuts occurred outside existence.

Other authors state that death is part of the human condition as such. It is not something that comes from outside, is already written. Life and death are part of the human condition.

The theme of death is related to immortality. In terms of the theme of death, Epicurus said that death is not passing from one state to another, but that means nothing.

The types of immortality are: Metafolica, pantheistic, reincarnation and Real and personal.

I. Metafolica: Consists of ‘survival’ after death through memory, artistic creations and cultural. It is the life of fame.

I. Pantheistic Monism: All pantismos is, i.e., that reality is constituted by a single substance. When he returned his soul to the ‘whole’ to which it belongs. (Sandra).

I. Reincarnation: The soul goes through different lives, earthly and otherworldly, to reach a degree of perfection, of course, but these do not save lives aware of their own identity.

I. Real and Personal: Holds self-awareness beyond the limits of time and space marked for death.

Tests on the Immortality of the Soul

• Test is based on phenomenological universal consensus:
• Psychological test is based on natural desire for happiness:
• Moral test is based on natural moral law:
• Try metaphysics is based on subsistence and immateriality of the soul, as the definition is complete, more natural.

First, we have to show whether we can speak of the existence of the soul and then see the evidence for the immortality of the soul.

Exitencia demonstrations on the soul:

1. Direct evidence is called cognitive Duple, which translates as ‘double consciousness or dual status’. It is based on that in the very act of thinking, knowing, we are given the existence of the self. When we think of something, it automatically shows us the existence of self.
2. Test or indirect discourse, which from the effects back to causes. Part of the experience goes back to the knowledge of the causes. The effects are immaterial, and we are material, but if it does things that are intangible, the cause must also be immaterial. At that level, which we call immaterial soul, self, spirit.

Essential Features of the Soul:

• Substantial: Substance is defined as the entity that exists in itself, by itself in an autonomous and independent way. Own mode of existence of substance is to survive uan.
• Inamterialidad: It is that essential substance in the composition of which do not involve the subject.
• Simplicity: It is derived from the immateriality of the soul and is not sensitive parts.
• Oneness: It means that the soul is one. This means that despite the soul making different functions, that means there is one that performs all the functions.
• Spirituality: This is endowed with intelligence and will. Spiritual means that it does not depend intrinsically on the subject.
• Immortality: Immunity means a being against corruption involving death.

On this last essential characteristic, we see evidence that there have been close to the soul:

P.fenomenologica: It means that most men, regardless of their time, their place, their beliefs, have believed in a survival of the soul after death. We know that from different elements from the thesis of the philosophers, the rites fuenbres,….

P.psicologica: It is based on the natural desire of happiness. Although we know that we will not achieve this happiness. It is a natural desire, not a whim, is something that is engraved in our nature.

P.moral: It promotes the natural moral law. She will be explained from consciousness. Each and every one of us is aware that to do good and not evil. This universal ethical principle that is expressed through the conscience has been given in all men. Let’s say the natural moral law of conscience that tells us to do good and avoid evil. Why we must act doing good and not evil? The basis of the test is that if death ends all, good and evil would remain matched.

P.metafisica: It is based on two essential characteristics of the soul that are the livelihood and immateriality. This is the most profound demonstration in this regard. Subsistence means that the soul is substance. The substance has to be himself. Death is the separation between body and soul, but as the soul is a being itself, nothing prevents the soul from continuing to exist. Heritage, which has no sensitive parts. Death is corruption, however, as the soul is immaterial and has no sensitive parts of the soul cannot be corrupted.

The difference between a substance and an accident was that the substance has

a self, and the accident. We could say that an accident tends to be a parasite of the substance.
Comment phrase
Made of Evolution Scientific Evolution *
Explanation of the fact of evolution: * scientific developments
Creationism
EXPLANATIONS:
-Finalists (causation)
-Azar (no cause) = Chance:
– Natural selection
– Azae
– Synthetic Theory ** (genetic mutations + natural selection).
E.cientifico: (Theory of Science Empirica) What state is that more complex beings from a biological point of view.
E. materialistic (hypothesis) states that all arise from evolution of matter due to chance. (Sandra contingent and eternal matters.)
Creationism (Speculative Theory of Science) Affirms the creation of being and life by a supreme being.
ITEM 8: A person, society and culture.
1. Value and dignity.
In ordinary language we = male person, the person adds the nuance concept of dignity, this nuance is present in (sandra).
Consideration etymologically prosopon (Greek), people (latin) and phersu (Etruscan)
Originalmete prosopon mean face, face masks step by designating the actors.
Person, Latin verb meaning resonate, sound a lot.
Siginifica Pershu same, face, face, face masks associated with drama.
The truth is that in the ancient world did not consider that every man was a person, the concept of person as we know it derives from Christianity itself.
Contributions of Christian philosophy: The concept of”creation”and the concept of”person.”
“Concept of creation: It provides a linear conception of time.
-Definition of person: The context of Christianity takes on greater significance because it is used to try to establish a rational approach in the field of the distinction between nature and person. If God is a unique person with various natures (the sta. Trinidad) d epersona classical definition, which applies in this context, it is Boethius, which defines a person as an individual substance of rational nature.
Thomas Aquinas, Person, ‘I remaining in the rational nature’.
Before human dignity was based on other things, for example in the Platonic anthropology (the diginidad is conferred by the soul), Aristotelian Anthropology (dignity comes provided by rationality), Medieval (the dignidasd seeing him provided by the person .)
Substantiate the nature of man personally involves several things:

• Value and dignity: what can be broken down into several aspects point out the fundamental
• • Every man is a person and can not stop a person, or be greater or lesser extent. => There fradación on the personal.
  • Each person is unique, individual and unique and therefore people are institutions. Incommunicable and ineffability of the individual.
  • The person is an end, not half => the person has no substantive value adjective
• The person is the most perfect nature.

This can be represented as:
1. – Intellectual matter.
2 .- sensitive matter.
3 .- Vegetative Matter
4 .- inert matter
2. Human sociality.
“Sociability is an essential characteristic of human beings? The positions in effect dste very clear and challenging ‘
1) Man is a social being by nature Necesdiades material and spiritual.
2) The corporation is the result of an agreement (or contract) the state of nature”.” The man is a-social.
We will bring this dilemma to a reflective phenomenological analysis, is the observation and collection of facts, data from individual and collective experience. When we are born we need from others and that care is much longer than in other animals.
Is it friendship?
The ultimate foundation of interpersonal relationships is love.
Love: Form or act of a trend or appetitive faculty.
We can distinguish between natural or innate love (love in improper or metaphysical sense) or elicit love (thus knowledge) which is divided into sensible love (passionate love) (love and univocal sense) and the volitional or rational love : (love in the true sense and similar) which in turn is divided into domain love (or something) and love of friendship (or person),
It is not the same love of friendship friendship because friendship means love of friendship, but reciprocity. Friendship is equal to benevolence (love the good of others) + + reciprocal affective union.
3. The term”culture.”
Read campus microsociolgio analysis of reality. (Virtual campus), respond to authority and power “are identified? Justify your answer
We will relate the concept of nature. The word nature has two natural meanings are NATURE and nature.
NATURE (in capitals): podernos understood as the whole order, dispocicion of all the existing reality. This nature is made up of all natural beings, and therefore not artificial. It cosmos, not chaos.
Nature (lowercase): siginifica, the mode of being that determines especifisamente to an entity, ie the set of characteristics that identify a given reality.
We are part of nature. Along with our natural, the himbre is the only being that has culture, in this sense, culture and identificda says the man. Culture is a result of our intelligence, no other animal has a history, nor is it able to adapt nature to their needs. The culture reflects the identity of a given society. Originally the term meant culture cultivation of the mind, in the sense of care. In the ages 17 and 18 are large and happened to be all that man adds to nature, whether in ourselves or other objects. In this sense, culture is the result of growing human knowledge. We can say that culture encompasses all that is a partnership, is acquired and transmitted from generation to generation. It offers ideas, beliefs, behavior, etc.. Therefore culture is relative. Culture is the manifestation of the freedom of man, culture is superimposed on what is natural, ie it is not artificial, culture includes scientific, technical, artistic creations, traditional. Although culture is not identified with nature if it is a manifestation of nature.