Spanish Literature: Unamuno, Machado, Baroja, Azorín, Valle-Inclán
Miguel de Unamuno
Miguel de Unamuno, a great essayist, highlights two main concerns in his work: Spain and the conflict between reason and faith. He analyzes the essence of the Spanish soul and its spiritual trajectory, which leads towards existentialism. In narrative technique, he innovated with what he called ‘nivolas.’ His most important work is San Manuel Bueno, Mártir.
Antonio Machado
Antonio Machado was born in Seville. He taught in high school in Soria, Spain. He married Leonor, who died three
Read MoreRomanesque Art: Medieval Architecture, Sculpture & Painting
Romanesque Art: Medieval European Style
Defining Romanesque Art
The term Romanesque art refers to the art of the Middle Ages in Western Europe. It was first proposed in the 19th century, intending to synthesize the desire to link this style with Roman art and its resemblance to the formation of the Romance languages.
Romanesque art began in the 10th century, reached its maximum splendor in the 12th century, and gave way to Gothic art in the 13th century. This art form is characterized by the large
Read MoreTaylorism vs. Fordism: A Comparative Analysis
Taylorism vs. Fordism
Taylorism
Taylorism, also known as scientific management, is a system for optimizing production through the study of worker movements. Developed by engineer and economist Frederic W. Taylor, it is outlined in his book “Principles of Scientific Management.” Taylorism applies scientific methods to analyze the relationship between workers and industrial production techniques to maximize efficiency. This is achieved through the systematic division of tasks, rational organization
Read MoreWorld War I Aftermath, Russian Revolution, and 1929 Crisis
The Aftermath of World War I
The Peace:
- Daily suffering and destruction: 8-10 million casualties and 600,000 wounded.
- Bankruptcy: only Japan and the US profited (gold stock and creditors).
Conference of Paris (1919-20)
- USA: Wilson, Fourteen Points: A new world based on democracy and nation.
- France: Clemenceau: Destroy Germany, reclaim Alsace and Lorraine, create a buffer state in Renania.
- UK: Lloyd: Balance.
- Italy: Orlando: Territories in the Dalmatian coast.
- Japan: Makino Nabouaki: Territories.
Treaties
Read MoreKey Concepts of Locke’s Political Philosophy Explained
Key Concepts of Locke’s Political Philosophy
Public Good: Also known as the common good. This is the purpose the State aims to achieve, ensuring citizens have a secure, peaceful, and comfortable life.
State of Nature: The condition of human beings before the original social contract. In this state, individuals possess complete freedom to act and dispose of their property, enjoying full equality. The law of nature governs this state.
Federal Power: The power responsible for representing the State in
Read MoreChile’s Inflation Targeting and Monetary Policy
Chile’s Monetary Policy Framework
Under inflation targeting, the primary objective of monetary policy is price stability. It also aims to reduce the gap between actual output and potential output (full employment product), thus helping to reduce volatility in both inflation and output.
The parameters defining Chile’s inflation-targeting monetary regime are:
- The price index defining the target.
- The target value (center of the range).
- The width of the target range.
- The policy horizon.
- Operational instruments.
Spain’s Global Standing: Influence, Relationships, and Challenges
Spain’s Global Standing
During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Spain’s international influence declined due to the loss of its settlements, technological and economic isolation. Since joining the EU, Spain’s role in the world has increased.
Spain’s External Relations: Two Key Aspects
- Participation in International Organizations: Since 1975, Spain has increased its participation in organizations promoting peace, economic development, defense, and solidarity. Key organizations include:
- UN
Desconsol by Josep Llimona: Modernist Sculpture at MNAC
Desconsol Sculpture: Key Details
- Cataloging Author: Josep Llimona i Bruguera (1864-1934)
- Title: Desconsol (Grief/Disconsolation)
- Timeline: 1907
- Location: National Museum of Catalan Art (MNAC), Barcelona
- Style: Modernisme and Symbolism
- Dimensions: 67 cm (width) x 76 cm (length) x 67 cm (height)
- Material: Marble
- Technique: Carving
- Form: Free-standing
- Type: Seated figure
- Color: Monochrome (natural marble)
- Condition: Good
Formal Analysis of Desconsol
The sculpture depicts a half-kneeling woman, her body rendered
Read MoreDefining Enlightenment Reason: Core Characteristics
Analytical Nature of Reason
Reason is not only a part of nature but also the instrument or means by which we know and interpret the world and exercise critical thought. According to its nature, its action is analytical and cognitive. This term designates its opposition and difference from the use of reason in seventeenth-century rationalism:
- In contrast to the rationalist reason, supposedly pregnant with content (like the theory of innate ideas), which sought knowledge from itself deductively and
Core Principles of Constitutional Law and Human Rights
Fundamental Concepts and Principles
Bases or Principles
The fundamental concepts guiding existing institutions.
Humanist Conception of Society
A set of core values refined over time within Western society.
Fundamental Rights
Rights that emanate directly from human nature.
Rights Emanating from Human Nature
Powers recognized by positive law, enabling the material and spiritual fulfillment of the person.
Respect for Rights
The state’s obligation to abstain from infringing upon the rights of individuals.