Chemical Principles: Thermo, Kinetics, Eq
Work
- Isobaric Process: At constant pressure (P = cte)
W1→2 = -PΔV - Isothermal Process: At constant temperature (T = constant)
W1→2 = -nRT ln(P1/P2) - Isochoric Process: At constant volume (V = constant)
W1→2 = 0
Heat
- Specific Heat: c = dQ / (mΔT)
Q = c · m · ΔT
If ΔT > 0, heat is absorbed.
If ΔT < 0, heat is ceded (released). - Latent Heat of Change of State (L): At constant temperature
From solid to liquid: Qf = m · Lf
From liquid to gas: Qv = m · Lv
First Law of Thermodynamics
ΔU = Q + W
Calculating
Read MoreChristian Social Doctrine: Early Message & Principles
Social Dimension of Early Christian Message
The social doctrine of the Church is closely related to the history of salvation.
Mission of Jesus
The Gospel shows how Jesus was not indifferent to the needs of the weakest and the victims of injustice. Jesus fought against hypocrisy, abuse of power, and the desire for rich profit. He denounced indifference to the suffering of the oppressed and reminded that all will be accountable when a judge overturns the world.
Jesus proclaimed an essential equality in
Read MoreCytology Sample Collection, Processing, Staining
Cytology and Sample Processing
Hematoxylin Staining Process
Hematoxylin (Htx) is a colorant used to be oxidized to Hematein (chromogen = benzene + chromophore groups). This process can occur spontaneously through contact with atmospheric oxygen or through the use of oxidants (e.g., mercuric oxide, potassium dichromate). Oxidation causes the appearance of an aniline molecule which acts as a chromophore and has the property to stain. The oxidation of Hematoxylin is called maturation. To the Hematein
Read MoreSpanish Renaissance & Baroque Poetry: Key Figures & Styles
Renaissance Lyric: Garcilaso de la Vega
In Renaissance lyric poetry, there is a separation between the natural and the supernatural; poets clearly distinguished the human from the divine. Most metrical forms used by Renaissance poets originated in Italy.
Garcilaso de la Vega (1501-1536) belonged to a noble family. He was both a knight and a poet. He masterfully expressed his feelings of love for his muse (Isabel Freyre). He traveled often to Italy and introduced the most common Italian metric forms
Read MoreEconomic Policies and Political Turmoil in 19th Century Spain
One of the objectives of the “Glorious” was to reorient economic policy. It aimed to introduce legislation that would protect the economic interests of the national bourgeoisie and foreign investors.
The Finance Minister, Laureano Figuerola, suppressed the contribution of consumption but re-established it with a new law in 1870. Another decree established the peseta as the monetary unit in an attempt to unify and streamline the monetary system.
Public debt amounted to 22.109 billion reais, with annual
Read MoreDisinterestedness in Criticism
But criticism, real criticism, is essentially the exercise of this very quality [curiosity]. It obeys an instinct prompting it to try to know the best that is known and thought in the world, irrespectively of practice, politics, and everything of the kind; and to value knowledge and thought as they approach this best, without the intrusion of any other considerations whatever . . . The rule may be summed up in one word—disinterestedness. And how is criticism to show disinterestedness? By keeping
Read MoreBusiness Strategy and Operations Management Essentials
Strategic Planning Framework
Mission, Vision, and Strategic Perspectives
- Strategic Perspectives: Financial, Customer, Internal Processes, Organizational Capacity
- Strategic Themes & Results
- Strategic Objectives
- Strategy Map
- Measures
- Targets
- Initiatives
Control Levers
- Belief System
- Boundary System
- Diagnostic Control System
- Interactive Control System
Strategic Process Steps
- Analysis & Strategic Diagnosis: Internal and external analysis, mission and vision, strategic diagnosis
- Decision Making: Strategic alternatives,
Standard English Writing Templates
Essay Structure
Essay Introduction
Nowadays, the topic of [topic] has become increasingly important/controversial/popular.
Many people believe that [opinion a], while others argue that [opinion b].
This essay will discuss both views and explain why I believe that [your opinion].
Essay Body Paragraphs
On the one hand, there are several reasons why [opinion a] is valid.
Firstly, [reason 1]. For example, [specific example or situation].
In addition, [reason 2], which can lead to [result/consequence].
On the
Read MoreSpanish Neoclassical Literature: Reason, Rules & Key Authors
Neoclassicism: Reason and Rules in Literature
Neoclassicism considered Greek and Latin writers as role models. It represented a return to Greco-Roman classics, which is the origin of the term ‘neo-classicism’. Neoclassicism gave preference to reason over feelings and imposed rules to which literary works must conform. As a result, lyrical production was largely abandoned. It rejected the imaginative and fantastic, as writing was intended not to educate, but to entertain. Neoclassical literature has
Read MoreStates of Matter and Phase Changes
Solids
In the solid state, the particles are touching, and the only motion allowed to them is vibration. The particles may be arranged regularly (in which case, the solid is crystalline), or at random (giving waxy solids like candles or some forms of polyethylene, for example).
The particles are held in the solid by forces which depend on the actual substance – ionic bonds, covalent bonds, metallic bonds, hydrogen bonds, or van der Waals attractions.
Liquids
In a liquid, the particles are mainly touching,
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