Spain’s Industrial Revolution: A Late and Uneven Process
1. Spain’s Late Entry into the Industrial Revolution
1.1. Causes of Delay
Unlike England, where the industrialization process began in 1770, Spain’s industrial revolution started much later, between 1800 and 1830. This delay was due to several factors:
- Expensive Fuel: England relied on coal, while Spain’s coal reserves were expensive and difficult to extract.
- Limited Demand: The demand for steam engines, a key innovation of the Industrial Revolution, was low in Spain.
- Lack of Capital: Spain lacked the
The Rise and Fall of Feudalism: A Medieval Transformation
The Barbarian Invasions and the Frankish Kingdom
The Barbarian Invasions
Groups, including Germans who settled in the Gallias during the fifth century.
The Frankish Kingdom
- Clovis: The first king who unified the Frankish Kingdom.
- Charles Martel: Steward of the Franks.
- Pepin the Short: The first Carolingian king.
- Charlemagne: Considered one of the most important Carolingian kings of the Middle Ages, and creator of the Carolingian Empire.
The Rise and Expansion of Islam
The Arabs
Located in the northwest of
Read MoreAnalysis of Salvador Espriu’s Poetry: Themes and Style
Analysis of Salvador Espriu’s Poetry
Baby on Saturday (Existential/Parental Love)
This poem, addressed to the poet’s first child who died at four months old, reveals the traumatic impact of this premature death. It shaped Espriu’s understanding of death and the afterlife. The poem expresses tenderness towards the baby, highlighting her smallness, sweetness, and innocence. However, it also hints at danger and peril. Metaphorical elements evoke a contrast between the newborn’s fragility and the harsh
Read MoreSpanish Colonization of the Americas: Governance, Impact, and Conquest
The Discovery of America
In the second half of the 15th century, advancements in technical conditions (cartography, astrolabe), economic factors (growth in international trade and seeking new routes to the Indies for precious metals and spices), and political and ideological motivations (expansion of Portugal and Castile and the end of the Reconquista) all contributed to the Age of Exploration. Christopher Columbus, a Genoese sailor convinced of the Earth’s sphericity, sought to reach India by sailing
Read MoreThe Spanish Constitution of 1812: A Landmark Document
Background: War of Independence and Political Instability
The Constitution of 1812, known as “La Pepa,” was drafted during a tumultuous period in Spanish history. The French invasion under Napoleon had created a power vacuum, with Joseph Bonaparte installed as king. This led to widespread resistance and the formation of governing committees. The war disrupted traditional power structures and opened the door for significant political and social change.
The Cortes of Cadiz and the Constitution
Formation
Read MoreStages of Embryonic and Fetal Development
Fetal Development
3 Months
Fetal stage begins, human aspect develops, primary ossification centers appear in long bones and skull, and external genitalia develop.
11 Weeks
Initial development of nails and fingers occurs. The neck is set, and sex can be distinguished. Between 9 and 11 weeks, urine starts to be released into the amniotic fluid.
12 Weeks
The fetus measures 8cm and begins to exhibit fetal movements. It has thin skin and primitive ears. The liver is the primary producer of red blood cells.
Read MoreThe Iberian Peninsula: From Prehistory to the Middle Ages
Process of Humanization in the Iberian Peninsula
Paleolithic Era
Lower Paleolithic:
Homo erectus, stone tools. 1994 Atapuerca human fossils of Homo antecessor (780,000 years old). Predatory economy of small human groups, nomads, use of stone tools.
Middle Paleolithic:
Homo neanderthalensis, perfected stone tools and practiced funeral rites.
Upper Paleolithic:
Homo sapiens, advanced culture, refined stone and bone tools. Rock Art sites in Altamira, Tito Bustillo, etc.
Pre-Roman Settlements
1st Millennium
Read MoreThe Christian Kingdoms in Medieval Spain: A Concise History
The Christian Kingdoms in Medieval Spain
The Visigoths and the Muslim Invasion
Until 711, the Visigoths ruled Spain. In that year, Muslims invaded the Iberian Peninsula from North Africa, establishing resistance centers in the north (Asturias and the Pyrenees, Marca Hispanica).
In 722, the Battle of Covadonga took place, where the Visigoths, led by Pelayo, defeated the Muslims. This victory marked the beginning of the Kingdom of Asturias.
The Kingdom of Asturias
From 850 to 900, the Asturians took advantage
Read MoreThe Spanish Monarchy: From the Catholic Monarchs to Felipe II
The Catholic Monarchs and the Rise of the Modern State
Consolidation of Power
Following the death of Enrique IV, a sector of the high nobility favored his daughter Juana. However, another sector, supporting Isabel, achieved victory in 1479. With the death of Juan II of Aragon, the inheritance of the crown fell to his son, Ferdinand. This marked the consolidation of power in the newly unified Spanish kingdom. The conquest of Granada by Ferdinand and Isabella, along with the Duke of Alba, solidified
Read MoreBAN668 Cheat Sheet: Data Manipulation & Analysis
BAN668 Cheat Sheet
Notes for Every Dataset
- Always look at the data info and the starting descriptive statistics.
- After every altering command, view the changes.
Loading and Describing Data
df = pd.read_csv('bank2.csv', sep='\t') Be able to read different files and know the separator.
Add headers by adding names to the read function.
df.sort_values(), df.describe(stats), df.groupby().value_counts() (qualitative data)
Visualizing Data
import seaborn as sns
# Convert day variable
df['day'] = pd.to_datetime(df[