Russian Revolution and Global Upheaval: 1917-1932
The Russian Revolution (1917)
World War I and the February Revolution
The outbreak of World War I in 1917 exposed Russia’s unpreparedness for a prolonged conflict. The economy faltered, and the military suffered disastrous defeats. The mobilization of millions of peasants led to agricultural decline and widespread famine, fueling unrest among workers and peasants. This discredited Tsar Nicholas II and his government. Demoralized Soviets (councils of workers, peasants, and soldiers) demanded the
Read MoreSpanish History: From Autarky to Modernity
Autarki (39-52):
Civil War is declining labor force, repression and lack of provisions and exilio.Existe gold reserves disappear. Company frankismo imposed cotidinana life changes and cultural behavior and ex religioso.Con is no attempt to control social and ideologico.Vuelta the field because of the regime’s propaganda against dangers virtues city simple life. Create institutions to control pa youth as “youth front” and the female section. Education compulsory political education classes and Roman
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939): Key Phases and Developments
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
War Development
The Popular Front’s rule during this period was marked by deteriorating social order and socio-economic radicalization. Several key events unfolded:
- A military conspiracy in April 1936.
- A military insurrection on July 17, 1936, in Melilla, which spread across the peninsula by July 18, 1936.
- The division of Spain into two zones: Republican and Nationalist (insurgent), marking the start of the Spanish Civil War.
The Spanish Civil War is one of the most dramatic
Read MoreThe Restoration in Spain (1875-1931): Politics, Society, and Crisis
The Restoration in Spain (1875-1931)
Beginnings of the Restoration (1875-1898)
Overview
- Commitment of oligarchies to consolidating the liberal state.
- In Portugal, an agreement between liberals and regenerationists: rotativismo appears, avoiding institutional crises.
- Redefinition of the ideological left/right.
- Stable until 1898.
The Party System
- Conservative Party: Cánovas del Castillo
- Liberal Party: Sagasta
Pact in 1885 linked to the death of Alfonso XII, who died childless, but his wife was pregnant. Alfonso
Read MoreThe Spanish Transition to Democracy: From Franco to Democracy
The Spanish Transition to Democracy
From Franco’s Death to the Monarchy
After Francisco Franco’s death on November 20, 1975, Juan Carlos I ascended to the Spanish throne. His coronation was met with resistance from various factions. Some opposed the monarchy altogether, fearing a continuation of Franco’s dictatorship. Others questioned the legitimacy of a liberal monarchy established by Franco himself. Traditional monarchists, loyal to Juan Carlos’s father, Don Juan, also expressed dissent.
Prime Minister
Read MoreInterwar Period: Crisis, Totalitarianism, and Cultural Shifts (1919-1939)
1. A World in Crisis (1919-1939)
The interwar period witnessed significant events. In the USSR, Stalin consolidated power, establishing a totalitarian communist regime. The League of Nations was created in 1919 to regulate international relations and maintain peace. The economic crisis of 1929 severely impacted numerous economies. Dictatorships and totalitarian regimes emerged. A crisis of values and conscience pervaded the era.
2. Soviet Totalitarianism: Stalinism
Following Lenin’s death in 1924,
Read MoreThe Spanish Civil War: A Brief Overview
The Spanish Civil War
The National Area
The death of General Sanjurjo on July 20, 1936, while flying from Portugal to Spain, left the insurrection without a clear leader. On July 24, a general meeting of insurgents was held in Burgos. They agreed to establish the National Defense Board, which was configured as a provisional government of the Nationalist area.
Drastic measures were adopted: the establishment of a state of war throughout the country, the suppression of all liberties, and the disbanding
Read More19th Century Spain: From Napoleonic Wars to the Bourbon Restoration
Item 9: 1785-1795 hostility with France, aslamiento count of white flowers, death Louis XVI 1793-1795.
1795-1807 war friendship treaty of San Ildefonso united against defeat England Trafalgar 1805
Antencedentes G. Independec: 1807
Treaty of Fontainebleau, 1808 Mutiny of Aranjuez, abdicating from Bayonne, May 2
Phases G
(1808-1813) May-November 1808, November 1808-January 1812 Grande Armée, 1812-end war. Valençay 1813 Treaty recognizes victory
Statute of Bayonne in July 1808, Unoccupied Zone –
The Spanish Civil War: A Summary
MAP 1 – The Military Revolt (July 17, 1936)
The revolt began on July 17, 1936, in the garrison at Melilla. Similar uprisings occurred in Ceuta and Tetouan that afternoon. By the 18th, Franco had taken control of the Army of Africa. On October 19th, the revolt succeeded in Pamplona, led by Mola. This was the only location where the coup received widespread support. Many other Spanish cities joined the uprising.
The coup was successful in North Africa, the Balearic Islands (except Menorca), and most
Read MoreThe Spanish Second Republic (1931-1936)
1. The Government Crisis of Azaña and the 1933 Elections
The Anti-Liberal Right-Wing Groups
Fascists:
They included the Boards of the National Syndicalist Offensive (JONS, 1931), founded by Ramiro Ledesma and Redondo, and the Spanish Falange (FE, 1931), led by José Antonio Primo de Rivera. The latter had a Catholic education and a more socially conservative approach. Both groups came together to form the FE de las JONS (1934), a small association of extremists who supported violence against the labor
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