The Tsarist System of Government in Russia
The Tsarist System of Government in Russia (Based on Autocracy)
The Tsar and the Bureaucracy
The Tsar had absolute power and could do whatever he wanted. He had the bureaucracy, which helped him carry out his plans and collect taxes. However, it was mostly corrupt.
The Aristocracy and the Orthodox Religion
The aristocracy owned most of the land and followed the Orthodox religion.
The Okhrana and the Peasants
The Tsar owned the Okhrana, his own police force, which controlled newspapers and censored books.
Read MoreCensus and Sample Methods in Statistical Investigations
Census Method
Census method is a method of data collection where every item of the universe or population related to the problem under investigation is studied.
Suitability
Census method is particularly suitable for statistical investigations with:
- Small population size
- Widely diverse items in the population
- Requirement of intensive examination of different items
- High degree of accuracy and reliability needed
Merits
- Reliable and Accurate: Results are accurate and highly reliable because each item of the
Argentina’s Political and Social Upheaval: 1918-1930
The Infamous Decade (1930-1943)
Causes of the 1930 Revolution:
- Argentina’s “Upset” Double Life and Criticism: The period faced criticism and was dubbed the “Infamous Decade” due to political instability and social unrest.
- Rise of Right-Wing Nationalism: This ideology, with its emphasis on Hispanic values, challenged the principle of constitutional legitimacy, advocating for military intervention.
- Strong Opposition: The revolution faced resistance from various sectors, including economically powerful
Political and Social Instability in Spain (1854-1868)
Narváez Government (1863-1868)
The Narváez government (1863-1868) was a moderate government with frequent use of force associated with a lack of support and legitimacy. This triggered a crisis in Isabel II’s reign and a sharp, widespread opposition. During this period, there was exhaustion and discontent after the death of O’Donnell and a return to the instability of Narváez’s earlier periods.
Economic and Social Crisis:
- In 1866, a crisis broke out due to a financial crisis caused by unprofitable
The Regency of Maria Cristina and the Carlist Wars in Spain
The Regency of Maria Cristina (1833-1840) and the Carlist Problem
Regency of Maria Cristina of Bourbon
The reign begins with the instruction to Bermúdez Cea to form the first government, characterized by timid reformism with administrative reforms and a new provincial division by Javier de Burgos.
The next government is formed by Martínez de la Rosa with the mission to provide the State with a useful tool for government tasks, developing the Royal Statute of 1834. This charter, granted by the monarchy,
Read MoreIndian Law: A Comprehensive Guide to its History and Sources
Indian Law: A Comprehensive Guide
Introduction
Indian law refers to the set of legal rules applicable in India, or in the territories of the Americas, Asia, and CEANI dominated by Spain. (A. Dougnac)
Scope
- Municipal Law: Rules created specifically for the Indies (Creole law).
- Castilian Law: Applied in the absence of specific legislation.
- Indigenous Law: Applicable provided it did not undermine natural law, the Crown’s rights, or the Catholic religion.
The Recopilación de Leyes de Indias (RLI) contains
Read MoreThe Reign of Alfonso XIII of Spain
The Reign of Alfonso XIII
Early Reign and Political Context
In 1902, Alfonso XIII began his reign in Spain, inheriting a nation eager for regeneration after the colonial disaster of 1898. This period marked a generational shift in Spanish politics. In 1906, he married Victoria Eugenia of Battenberg, granddaughter of Queen Victoria of England. They had six children. His reign, however, was plagued by political crises, war in Morocco, and social unrest, ultimately leading to the coup and dictatorship
Read MoreAl-Andalus: Political, Social, Economic, and Cultural History
Political Developments: Conquest, Emirate, and Caliphate of Córdoba
Building disputes among the Visigoths weakened the kingdom, allowing the Muslims to land in Gibraltar in 711. They defeated the army of Don Rodrigo at the Battle of Guadalete. In two years, they conquered the entire peninsula except for some areas of the Cantabrian coast and the Pyrenees. They usually signed contracts that allowed the conquered to keep their land in exchange for paying taxes. The speed of the conquest was partly
Read MorePhases and Forms of Reforestation in the Iberian Peninsula
Phases and Forms of Reforestation
Stage 1: Douro Valley and Old Catalonia (9th-10th Centuries)
This stage saw the repopulation of largely uninhabited lands, including Old Catalonia and the Douro Valley.
Old Catalonia: Repopulated mainly by the former Visigothic population, with the presence of Visigothic law (Liber Iudiciorum).
Douro Valley: Repopulated by diverse groups, including Basques in the eastern part of Cantabria, who lacked a Visigothic legal tradition. This was a spontaneous repopulation,
Read MoreThe Second Republic and Primo de Rivera’s Dictatorship in Spain
Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
Political and Social Crisis
Spain faced a deep political and social crisis. The war with Morocco, labor movements, and new political trends destabilized Alfonso XII’s monarchy. The fragmented monarchical governments struggled to maintain control.
Primo de Rivera’s Coup
Miguel Primo de Rivera launched a coup, forcing the government to resign and establishing a dictatorship. He overrode the constitution, dissolved the courts, and formed a provisional military directory
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