The Second Spanish Republic I
The Second Spanish Republic I
The Configuration of the New Regime
After the Covenant of San Sebastian, the provisional government set elections for the Constituent Cortes on June 28. Alongside some members of the government enacted a series of decrees to undertake urgent reforms considered that they could not wait for the constitutional debate.
Largo Caballero, Socialist and Labor Minister, issued a decree which affected farm workers:
- The minimum wage away agricultural industrial wage.
- The eight-hour
19th Century Spain: From Revolution to Restoration
Independence War (1808-1814)
Opposition to French Rule: The reign of Charles IV saw Spain enter into an alliance with France, leading to the Treaty of Fontainebleau, which aimed to invade Portugal. However, French troops occupied Spanish cities, causing unrest among the population. Ferdinand, son of Charles IV, instigated the Mutiny of Aranjuez, leading to his ascension as Ferdinand VII. Napoleon exploited the situation, kidnapping the royal family and installing his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as
Read MoreSpanish Civil War: Causes, Sides, and Consequences
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
The 1936 Coup
The main organizer of the 1936 coup was General Emilio Mola. The Popular Front government had intended to keep him away from Pamplona and send him to Madrid, where they suspected a military conspiracy was afoot.
The plan was to organize a simultaneous military uprising in all possible garrisons, especially in Madrid and Barcelona. General Francisco Franco, initially intended by the government to be sent to the Canary Islands, was persuaded by the conspirators
Read MoreThe Great Depression: Causes, Impacts, and Solutions
The End of Prosperity
Hidden Structural Problems
Since 1928, the U.S. economy began to show signs of exhaustion due to several hidden structural problems:
- The agricultural sector experienced overproduction and farmers struggled with debt from mechanization.
- Traditional industries faced a crisis while new industrial sectors emerged from the Second Industrial Revolution.
- Speculation in the stock market became prominent, with banks and individuals investing heavily.
- The strong dollar caused the depreciation
The Restoration in Spain (1874-1923): Politics, Society, and Opposition
The Restoration in Spain (1874-1923)
The Bourbon Restoration and the Canovas System
After the pronouncement in Sagunto by General Martínez Campos (December 1874), Alfonso XII was proclaimed the new king. With the reinstatement of the Bourbons began the historical period of the Restoration (1874-1923). The architect of this period was Antonio Cánovas del Castillo.
Peacemaking
The new government ended the 3rd Carlist War with the defeat in February 1876 of the pretender Don Carlos, who went into exile.
Read MoreThe Democratic Sexenio (1868-1874): Revolution & Republic in Spain
The Democratic Sexenio (1868-1874): Revolution & Republic
The Glorious Revolution (1868)
The “Glorious” Revolution of September 1868 ousted Queen Isabella II, ushering in the six-year Democratic Sexenio. This period saw a rapid succession of political regimes: a provisional government, a regency, the monarchy of Amadeo of Savoy, and finally, the First Spanish Republic.
The Revolutionary Process
Admiral Topete’s proclamation in the Bay of Cádiz, joined by Generals Prim and Serrano, sparked the revolution.
Read MoreSocial Psychology: Key Concepts and Theories
Social Psychology
Key Concepts and Theories
Hypothesis and Research Methods
Hypothesis: An educated “guess or prediction” specific to your research study.
Principle of Falsifiability: Your informed hypothesis could be proven wrong/falsified.
Population: The large group that we target our research for.
Sample: A representative portion of our population.
Reliability: Producing the same results when you repeat your test.
Validity: Making sure what you are measuring is relevant to your research question (measuring
Read MoreSocial Psychology: Key Concepts & Theories
Social Psychology
Key Concepts and Theories
Research Methods
Hypothesis: An educated guess or prediction specific to your research study.
Principle of Falsifiability: Your informed hypothesis could be proven wrong/falsified.
Population: The large group that we target our research for.
Sample: A representative portion of our population.
Reliability: Producing the same results when you repeat your test.
Validity: Making sure what you are measuring is relevant to your research question (measuring what it was
Read MoreThe 1917 Crisis in Spain: Neutrality, Social Unrest, and Political Consequences
Spain’s Neutrality During World War I (1914-1918)
Spain declared neutrality during World War I. While the government remained officially neutral, civil society was divided:
- Germanophiles: Upper class, church, army, and royal palace.
- Allied Supporters: Progressive sectors, Republicans, and those favoring democratic rights and respect for other nations.
- Neutralists: Primarily workers’ unions.
Economic Impact of Neutrality
Neutrality created a favorable economic climate for Spain. As a supplier of agricultural
Read More19th Century Nationalism & Great War: Causes and Consequences
19th Century Nationalism
Types of Nationalism
German Romantics
The nation is a living being, created over time, with a shared culture, language, and history, possessing the right to organize as a sovereign state.
French Theorists
The nation is formed by the voluntary decision of a group of people. Citizens of a nation are characterized by shared laws, rights, and duties.
Nationalist Movements
Separatist Movements
- Belgium seceded from the Netherlands.
- Greece, Serbia, Romania, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and Albania