The Restoration in Spain (1875-1898): Political Events and Movements
The Restoration: Political Events (1875-1898)
The Proclamation of Alfonso XII and the End of the Carlist War
On December 29, 1874, General Martínez Campos proclaimed Alfonso XII King of Spain. The next day, a provisional government headed by Canovas del Castillo was formed in Madrid. Alfonso XII offered a broad amnesty, inviting all to forget the past and join the constitutional monarchy. One of the former Carlist leaders, Cabrera, accepted the amnesty. In March 1876, Charles VII (the Carlist pretender)
Spanish Democratic Transition: From Franco to Democracy (1975-1982)
The Spanish Democratic Transition (1975-1982)
From Dictatorship to Democracy
The Spanish transition to democracy began in November 1975 with the proclamation of King Juan Carlos I as head of state. This marked the restoration of democratic institutions and the end of the Franco dictatorship. The transition culminated in 1982 with the arrival of the PSOE (Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party) to power, signifying the consolidation of democracy in Spain.
Characteristics of the Transition
This historical period
Read MoreThe Spanish Transition to Democracy (1975-2000)
Democratic Spain 1975-2000
The Political Transition
After Franco’s death, Juan Carlos I was proclaimed king in a political context of great uncertainty. It was the beginning of a complex process of transition that would lead from a dictatorship to a democratic system. This process became a model for other countries due to the scarce level of violence involved.
The Political Forces
The political forces in the scenery were:
- Francoists: When Franco died, the differences among the “bunker”, organized around
A Guide to English Grammar: Clauses and Adverbials
Ing-clauses Controlling Verbs
Progress in Activity
In conversation: keep (or repeated shows a continuous action, a more informal synonym is go on), start and stop (show the beginning or ending of an activity), or aspect of manner verbs.
Academic prose: be used for.
Fiction: Manner or aspect of verbs, verbs start and stop and the more formal-sounding begin, go, eat, sit, stand and described manner. Verbs used to see and hear (describe the perception of an activity).
News and academic prose: describes
Read MoreMarxism, Anarchism, Imperialism, and the Great War: A Historical Overview
Item 4: Marxism and Anarchism
Marxism
The main representatives of Marxism were Marx and Engels. Their analysis of the past focused on the relationship of production, including the relationships between master and slave, and capitalist and worker (oppressor and oppressed). Marx and Engels formulated the basis of scientific socialism, explained in the Communist Manifesto, published in 1848.
Key Principles of Marxism:
- Historical Materialism: History is defined by stages of production, each with its own
19th Century Europe and Spain: A Historical Overview
Modern European Historiography
The French Revolution of 1789 is considered by many historians to be the defining event of modern European history. However, other countries have different perspectives on the collapse of the Old Regime. For example, Spanish historians focus on the War of Independence (1808), while Central European historians emphasize the 1848 Revolutions. Other states have unique historical narratives linked to their specific experiences.
Liberalism
Liberalism postulates:
- Personal freedom:
Economic & Social Transformation in Spain: 1959-1974
3 Years of Economic Development and the Technocracy (1959-1974)
Development Planning and Economic Growth
Technocrats and the Stabilization Plan of 1959:
The new government of 1957 incorporated two members of Opus Dei into the major economic ministries of finance and trade. An employment process began to fill ministerial positions with technocrats oriented towards technical expertise and economic efficiency. These individuals ushered in a change in the economic policy orientation of the dictatorship.
Read MoreSpain’s Democratic Transition: From Coup to Modernity
The Challenges of the Early 1980s
In the early 1980s, sectors within the Spanish army remained resistant to the ongoing democratic reforms. Terrorism, the legalization of the PCE (Communist Party of Spain), and the autonomy process were met with criticism by some military figures who believed that armed intervention was justified to restore the previous political order.
Following Adolfo Suárez’s resignation as Prime Minister in January 1981, Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo was nominated as his successor. During
Read MoreRicardo Macias Picavea & Miguel Primo de Rivera: Biographies
Ricardo Macias Picavea
Ricardo Macias Picavea (Santoña, Cantabria, June 17, 1847 – Valladolid, May 11, 1899) was a Spanish writer, journalist, and philosopher belonging to the Regenerationism movement.
He earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1863 in Valladolid and then studied Law and Philosophy at the Universities of Valladolid and Madrid. However, he did not complete these studies due to a fundamental disagreement with the education systems. In 1874, he became an Institute Professor, teaching Latin and
Read MoreThe Crisis of Liberalism and the Spanish Civil War (1898-1939)
The Crisis Of Liberalism (1898-1931)
The Crisis of ’98
In 1895, Cuba erupted in a new movement for independence that continued until 1898 when the U.S. declared war on Spain. With the defeat, Spain lost its last colonies (Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines). This is known as the Disaster of ’98 and resulted in the emergence of Regenerationism, a cultural movement whose main figure was Joaquin Costa, advocating for Spain’s reform.
The Constitutional Reign of Alfonso XIII (1902-1923)
In 1902, Alfonso
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