History of Spain: From Pre-Roman Times to the 18th Century
1. Pre-Roman Peoples
Several indigenous societies inhabited the Iberian Peninsula before the Roman conquest began in the 3rd century BC. Two main cultural groups existed: the Iberian and the Celtic.
Iberian Peoples
Located on the Mediterranean coast and south, they were influenced by Phoenician, Greek, and Carthaginian cultures. Their economy was based on agriculture, mining, metallurgy, crafts, and trade. They also developed their own writing system.
Celtic Peoples
Located in the Plateau and the north,
Read More19th Century Nationalism and Imperialism in Europe
Theme 4
INPERIOAKEUROPA Nations and the Middle Ages and Modern Age, said the nation was born in the same place and the people who were under the same monarch. XIX.
mendean national terms, he took a political meaning. People began to ask the boundaries of the states had to make a race-limits, the limits of language, historical … Limit of two conceptions of nationalism were the cultural conception of French: The concept proposed by the German defense and policy. Alemaniarrentzako the right to organize
The Carlist Wars and the Reign of Isabel II
1. The Carlist Wars
1.1. The Causes of Conflict
The Foral Question: The question of succession, the ideological confrontation, and broad social support fueled the conflict.
1.2. Supporters of Carlism and Their Motives
- Peasants feared becoming laborers or tenants of large landowners.
- Lower nobility in northern Spain felt threatened by the disappearance of primogeniture and tax exemptions.
- Conservative sectors of the Church opposed measures like disentailment and the suppression of religious orders.
- Artisan
19th Century European Revolutions & Unification of Italy & Germany
Revolutionary Wave
This period began with the Trienio Liberal (1820-1823) in Spain and spread to other Mediterranean countries, Portugal, and Spanish America, where many territories gained independence from Spain. Key features:
- Anti-absolutism and nationalism
- New forms of struggle, including liberal-inspired secret societies (Freemasons, Carbonari)
- The army’s role in supporting or suppressing uprisings
- Failure of revolutions due to internal reaction or intervention by the Holy Alliance
Spain, Portugal,
Read MoreThe Industrial Revolution in Britain
The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain, developed in two phases:
Phase 1
Starting in the 18th century, the initial changes involved the use of new energy sources, machinery in factories, and a shift in the workforce.
Phase 2
From 1870 onward, it spread throughout European countries, the USA, and Japan.
This period saw significant changes, including the rise of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat (workers who earned wages). These changes transformed an agricultural
Read MoreSpanish History: From War of Succession to Carlist Wars
The War of Succession (1700-1714)
The War of Succession arose from the childless death of Charles II and his appointment of Philip V of the Bourbon dynasty as his successor. Charles of Austria, also linked to the throne, contested this decision, leading to an international conflict. France and Spain supported Philip V, while Britain, Holland, and Portugal backed Austria. The war also had a civil war aspect within Spain, with Castile and Aragon divided in their support for the two claimants. The
Read MoreSpanish Economy and Society in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries
General Characteristics of the Spanish Economy
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Spanish economy faced several challenges, including a poor communications structure, slow demographic growth, a low cultural level of the population, a shortage of financial resources, and limited energy sources. Compared to Western European countries, Spain lagged behind, although improvements were evident. The railway network expanded, capital accumulated, and coal was gradually replaced by oil and electricity
Read MoreIntro to Data Science: A Summary of Key Concepts
Standard Deviation Calculation (by hand):
Formula:
s=1n−1∑i=1n(xi−xˉ)2s = \sqrt{\frac{1}{n-1} \sum_{i=1}^{n} (x_i – \bar{x})^2}s=n−11i=1∑n(xi−xˉ)2
where xix_ixi are individual data points, xˉ\bar{x}xˉ is the sample mean, and nnn is the number of data points.
Indexing in Pandas DataFrames:
df[...]: Basic column selection.df.Loc[...]: Label-based indexing (rows/columns).df.Iloc[...]: Position-based indexing.
Composite Boolean Selection:
- Use logical conditionals for filtering:
A Concise History of Catalonia and the World
Prehistory
Paleolithic (2,000,000 to 10,000 BC)
They used carved stone (Paleo: old) (lithos: stone).
Neolithic (10,000 to 3,500 BC)
Humans began to move stones and develop primitive agriculture. Humans became sedentary.
Ancient History (3500 BC – 476 AD)
Development of writing and the first urban civilizations. River Civilizations:
- Egypt (Nile)
- Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates)
- China (Yellow)
- India (Indus)
Medieval History (476 AD – 1492 AD)
476 AD: Fall of the Western Roman Empire. 1492 AD: Discovery of America.
Read MoreNewborn Assessment and Intrapartum Management
Module 1: Newborn Assessment
APGAR – 5 Components
- Colour
- HR
- Reflexes
- Muscle Tone
- Respirations
Reported
- 1 minute
- 5 minutes
- (and) 5-minute intervals until 20 minutes – unless SCORE < 7
Physical Assessment
- Cardio-Respiratory System
- Head and Neck
- Abdomen and Pelvis
- Musculoskeletal System
- Neurological System
Module 1: Physiological Birth Management
Labour (define): sequential pattern involving painful regular uterine contractions stimulating progressive dilation of the cervix with the descent of the fetus through vaginal
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