The Restoration in Spain: Alfonso XII & Regency of María Cristina (1875-1902)
1. The Genesis of the Restoration (1875)
The instability of the Democratic Sexenio led the bourgeoisie towards conservative positions. Antonio Cánovas del Castillo orchestrated the return of Alfonso XII, son of Isabel II, to the throne. Cánovas aimed for a restoration based on public opinion, not a military coup. The Sandhurst Manifesto, outlining Alfonso’s conciliatory ideals, paved the way. General Martínez Campos’s pronouncement in Sagunto triggered the Restoration, proclaiming Alfonso king.
Read MoreNatural Risks and their Prevention: A Comprehensive Guide
Natural Risks: Definition and Evaluation
Natural risk is the likelihood of a population in a given area suffering injury or catastrophe due to a natural event. According to UNESCO, it’s the probability of loss of human lives, productive capacity, property, or resources due to natural phenomena. Natural risks stem from physical phenomena of geological origin (internal or external dynamics). When an event occurs, it can result in minor changes or a catastrophe.
Evaluation of Natural Risks
- Hazard: Emphasizes
Origin and Evolution of Life
1. Origin of Life
1.1 What is a Living Being?
– All living things are organized around something called a cell.
– In human beings, there are six main chemical elements: C, H2O, N2, P, S.
– The organic molecules are:
- Carbohydrates (containing C, H2, and O)
- Lipids (containing C, H2, and O)
- Proteins (C, H2, O, N2, S)
- Nucleic acids (C, H2, O, N2, P)
1.2 The Germinal Theory
Spontaneous Generation Theory: Human beings may appear from inanimate matter.
Pasteur (1822-1895): He demonstrated that living organisms could
Environmental Influence on Human Activity and its Impact
Item 4. The Natural Landscapes and Nature-Society Interrelationships
Environmental Influence on Human Activity
1. The Natural Environment as a Resource
The environment provides humans with resources to meet their needs and economic demands. Its assessment has changed over time. The existence of certain resources can contribute to socioeconomic development in an area.
1.1 The Relief
Continental Relief:
- Settlements: Historically, settlements have sought the best sites.
- Agricultural Activity: Often unfavorable
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
1: The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
The Spanish Civil War was one of the most dramatic events of the twentieth century in Spain. It resulted from a social, political, and religious crisis that had been plaguing the country since the end of the nineteenth century. The conflict lasted three years, from 1936 to 1939, and was fought between supporters of the Spanish Republic and right-wing military rebels under the command of General Francisco Franco. It’s important to note that the military were essential
Read MoreAn Examination of David Hume’s Empiricism
David Hume’s Empiricism
Key Figures in Empiricism
The three key empiricists are: Locke, Berkeley, and Hume.
Hume’s Philosophical Stances
Does Hume accept empiricism and reject innate ideas? Yes.
Does Hume accept metaphysical empiricism? No.
Hume’s Treatise on Human Nature
Hume commented that his Treatise “fell dead-born from the press” due to its poor reception.
Hume’s Academic Challenges
Hume was twice denied a philosophy chair due to his avowed opposition to religion.
Influences on Hume’s Thinking
- Newton
- The
Presocratic Philosophers: Thales, Anaximander & More
Presocratic Philosophers
Thales of Miletus (6th Century BC)
Considered one of the Seven Sages of Greece, Thales was the first to view the world as a manifestation of a single principle: water. He believed that water was the arche (origin) of nature, the source of all things and the beginning of life. This concept of water had both mythological (e.g., the Titan Oceanus) and ontological (e.g., the primordial sea, Tethys) dimensions. Thales’ philosophy was based on observation and considered water as
Read MoreSpanish Labor Movements and Political Upheavals in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries
Anarchists and Socialists
Anarchists
In 1881, the Bakuninist Federation of Spanish Workers changed its name. Disagreements within the organization and repression led some to choose direct action against capitalism. Between 1893 and 1897, violent acts resulted in significant repression against anarchism. The rise in violence created a divide between those who supported direct action and those who preferred mass action. The latter group established worker solidarity organizations.
Socialists
In 1888,
Read MoreUnderstanding GDP, Labor Markets, and Aggregate Supply
Assistantship Economics I
(Solemn III)
1. The value of the following transactions, should be included or not as part of GDP and why?
A) A tourist pays a meal in a restaurant
Yes, because it is a purchase (or demand) for a final good produced in the country
B) A company buys an old building
It was because the GDP accounted for another year, we only consider the final goods produced in the country during the year.
C) A supplier sells chips to a computer company that makes personal computers
Not because
Read MoreDigital Transformation: A Guide to Successful Business Strategies
Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom
Data is the raw material, unprocessed facts and figures. Information is organized, structured, and contextualized data, useful for answering basic questions. Knowledge is the result of analyzing and interpreting information to uncover patterns and trends. Wisdom is the ability to make well-informed decisions based on understanding knowledge.
Knowledge Management
Knowledge management is the process of capturing, storing, and sharing knowledge within an organization
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