Chemical Bonding, Polarity, Reactions and Intermolecular Forces
Endothermic Reactions
An endothermic reaction absorbs energy.
- Heat (kJ) is written on the reactant side.
- Bonds are broken; no new bonds are formed.
- On Table I, the heat of reaction is positive (+).
- The surroundings feel colder because energy is absorbed.
Exothermic Reactions
An exothermic reaction releases energy.
- Heat (kJ) is written on the product side.
- Bonds are formed.
- On Table I, the heat of reaction is negative (−).
- The surroundings feel warmer because energy is released.
Electronegativity
- Electronegativity
Legal Research Methods, Statute Structure & Citations
1. Legal Research — Definition (150 words)
[23:44, 10/12/2025] Alice Lu Wang🥢:
Legal research refers to the systematic process of identifying, locating, and analyzing legal information to solve a legal problem or support legal decision-making. It involves studying statutes, case law, rules, regulations, and secondary sources to determine how the law applies to specific facts. Legal research helps lawyers interpret legal principles, judges deliver judgments, and students develop analytical skills.
Read MoreGlobal Drug Trafficking Patterns and Consequences
Drug Trafficking: Global Scope and Consumption Trends
Drug consumption has been a phenomenon proper of every human civilization since recorded history. Nowadays, the United Nations assesses in its 2015 Report that 1 out of 20 adults used at least one kind of drug in 2014. From these, over 29 million suffer from drug use disorder.
Among the drugs consumed in higher degrees, warranting detailed analysis, we find opiates, cocaine, cannabis, and synthetic drugs.
Drug Trafficking (II): Opiates
Opiates: Production
Effective Leadership Principles and Quality Management
1) Definition of Leadership
A leader is one who instills purpose, not one who controls by brute force. A leader strengthens and inspires followers to accomplish shared goals. Leaders shape and promote the organization’s values.
Characteristics of Quality Leaders:
- They give priority attention to external and internal customers and their needs. Leaders place themselves in the customers’ shoes and service their needs from that perspective.
- They empower, rather than control, subordinates. Leaders have trust
Molecular to Material Science: Trends, Applications & Future Tech
From Molecular to Material: Current Trends & Future Directions
Here is a detailed analysis of the current trends and future directions in the transition from molecular to material science, structured to show how fundamental discoveries at the molecular level are driving innovations in materials with real-world societal impact.
Here is a detailed analysis of the current trends and future directions in the transition from molecular to material science, structured to show how fundamental discoveries
Read MorePMBOK Project Management Standards and Practices
PMBOK Definition and Components
PMBOK document published by the Project Management Institute (PMI) includes traditional and emerging good practices. It helps firms build policy, procedure, rules, and tools & techniques for managing projects. It describes the knowledge required in the project manager profession. The project manager tailors and applies PMBOK knowledge to each project.
Components
Project life cycle: Project phases from start to completion (flexible and independent of the product life
Read MorePhysics Lab Experiments: Electricity and Magnetism
Activity: Magnetic Field Near Current-Carrying Conductor
To observe the deflection of a magnetic needle placed near a conductor carrying current.
Apparatus and Materials:
Magnetic needle, battery, ammeter, rheostat, key, conducting wire, etc.
Theory:
When electric current passes through a conductor, a magnetic field is produced around it.
Procedure:
- Remove magnetic substances from the table and place the magnetic needle on it. Connect the cell, rheostat, key, and ammeter in series with the experimental
Fundamentals of Technology and Basic Electronics
1. What Is Technology?
Technology is the application of knowledge and skills to solve problems and satisfy human needs.
Technology helps people create objects and systems that make life easier, such as machines, tools, transport, and communication devices.
Technology uses:
- Scientific and technical knowledge
- Technical skills
- Technical drawings
- Computers
- Economic factors (costs and prices)
2. Stages of Technological Projects
A technological project follows these stages:
- Needs – Identify a problem or need.
- Ideas
C Programming: Arrays, Functions, and String Handling
One-Dimensional Arrays
A one-dimensional array is a linear collection of elements of the same data type, stored in contiguous memory locations.
1. Declaration
Declaring an array tells the compiler its name, data type, and size.
data_type array_name[size];- Example:
int scores[5];// Declares an array named scores that can hold 5 integers.
2. Initialization
You can initialize an array at the time of declaration or assign values later.
| Method | Example | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Declaration with Size | int marks[3] = {90, 85, 95} |
Java Programming: Exceptions, Threads, and Networking
Java Exceptions: Checked vs Unchecked
Differentiating Exception Types in Java
Exceptions in Java are runtime errors that disrupt the normal flow of a program. They are classified into checked and unchecked exceptions.
Checked Exceptions are verified at compile time. The programmer must either handle them using try-catch blocks or declare them using the throws keyword. These exceptions usually occur due to external factors such as file handling, database access, or network issues. Examples include IOException,