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The Foundations of Modern Thought: Philosophy, Politics, and Science

Posted by admin on Jan 4, 2026 in Philosophy and ethics | 0 comments

Philosophical Shifts and Political Thought

William of Ockham and the Decline of Scholasticism

The doctrine of William of Ockham defended empirical knowledge of facts. With him began the decline of Scholasticism. This period marked the start of major conflicts between religious and political power. Ockham’s approach paved the way for encouraging empirical thinking and science. Philosophy began to separate from theology.

Niccolò Machiavelli: Politics and the State

Machiavelli sought to explain the nature

Adobe Photoshop Fundamentals: Raster Graphics and Image Editing

Posted by admin on Jan 4, 2026 in Software Engineering | 0 comments

1. Graphics Fundamentals

Graphics are visual representations used to communicate ideas, messages, or data.

Types of Graphics
- Raster: Pixel-based images (e.g., photos).
- Vector: Mathematical path-based images (e.g., logos).
Uses: Branding, advertising, web design, UI/UX, and digital art.
Software: Adobe Photoshop (Raster), Adobe Illustrator (Vector), CorelDRAW, Canva, and Figma.

Feature	Raster Graphics	Vector Graphics
Composition	Pixels (colored squares)	Mathematical paths/anchors
Scalability	Becomes “pixelated”

Environmental Studies, Sustainability & Ecosystems

Posted by admin on Jan 4, 2026 in Geography | 0 comments

Environmental Studies

Environmental studies is multidisciplinary in nature, integrating knowledge and methods from various fields such as ecology, biology, chemistry, geology, economics, sociology, and political science to understand and address complex environmental issues. This multidisciplinary approach is essential because environmental problems are influenced by diverse physical, biological, social, and economic factors and cannot be solved by a single discipline alone. [1]

The scope of environmental

Material Control, Inventory Pricing Methods & Costing

Posted by admin on Jan 3, 2026 in Other subjects | 0 comments

Meaning of Material Control

Material control refers to the systematic planning, purchasing, storing, and utilization of materials to ensure that the right quantity and quality of materials are available at the right time, place, and cost. It aims to regulate the flow of materials from the point of purchase to the point of consumption so that production runs smoothly without interruptions or excessive investment in inventory. Material control is an essential component of cost accounting as it directly

Ancient Greek Philosophy: Pythagoras, Atomism & Religion

Posted by admin on Jan 3, 2026 in Philosophy and ethics | 0 comments

Pythagoras: Numbers and Geometric Philosophy

Arjen: numbers. Pythagorean numbers and geometric shapes can be conceived as the primary principles; the notion of identity leads to zabaltzeara. Pythagorean entities are equal in a formal sense: they are mathematical objects with identifications. Their theory is not merely a technique but a set of exercises concerning eternal beings and mugagaitzak asmakintza and new constructions.

Physical beings, insofar as they are geometric, are elements within a consistent

Indian Constitution: Origins, Key Features and Preamble Significance

Posted by admin on Jan 3, 2026 in Law & Jurisprudence | 0 comments

Constituent Assembly Role

1.1 Role of the Constituent Assembly in the Making of the Constitution of India

Introduction

The Constitution of India is not an accidental document but the result of careful deliberation, debate, and democratic consensus. The task of framing this constitution was entrusted to the Constituent Assembly of India, which played a historic role in shaping the political destiny of independent India.

Composition and Formation

The Constituent Assembly was formed under the Cabinet Mission

Social Inequality and Socialization: Conflict, Agents, Behavior

Posted by admin on Jan 3, 2026 in Psychology and Sociology | 0 comments

1. Social Inequality & Conflict Theory

Starting position: Limited opportunities → fewer points or rewards
Real-life analogy: Lower classes have fewer resources → less chance of success
Connection to Conflict Theory (Karl Marx): Society = struggle between groups; unequal access to resources maintains social hierarchy

2. Abnormal Socialization

Isolated/feral children (extreme neglect): Genie (pseudonym) — lacked language, thought, and social skills
Key idea: Human nature depends on nurture; social

Core Operations Management Concepts Explained

Posted by admin on Jan 3, 2026 in Business Administration and Management (BAM) | 0 comments

Lean Manufacturing (TPS)

Lean Manufacturing (TPS) Lean manufacturing is a production approach focused on eliminating waste and improving efficiency. It originates from the Toyota Production System (TPS), which is based on two key principles:

Just-in-Time (JIT): Products are made only when needed and in the exact quantities required, reducing excess inventory.
Jidoka: Allows the production line to stop immediately when a defect appears so the problem can be corrected at the source.

Lean emphasizes continuous

Indian Agriculture Commercialization Under Colonial Rule

Posted by admin on Jan 3, 2026 in Political Sciences | 0 comments

Commercialization of Indian Agriculture

Commercialization of agriculture refers to the process by which agricultural production is increasingly oriented towards the market rather than subsistence. Under this system, crops are grown mainly for sale and profit, not just for local consumption. In India, commercialization of agriculture began in a limited way in the late eighteenth century but expanded rapidly during the British colonial period, especially between 1800 and 1857.

Before British rule, Indian

Core Theories of Justice and Ethical Application