Agrarian Change and Land Confiscation in 19th-Century Spain
The Process of Confiscation and Agrarian Change:
The lands of the nobility were linked so that they could not be sold or divided; they were integrated into the primogeniture. The Church owned large tracts of land; they might or might not be brought into cultivation or leased to farmers as needed. Municipalities also owned land. These were usually of two forms: common-use lands (called *common lands*) and *own land*, which were those leased by municipalities and individuals whose income covered the
Read MoreBiological Processes: From Cells to Organisms
Goiter and Diabetes
Goiter: Pathological inflammation of the thyroid gland. Diabetes: Disorder in the production of the quantity of insulin needed.
Tropism in Plants
Tropism: Growth responses with which plants react to different external stimuli. Phototropism: Growth toward the light or in the opposite direction. Photojournalism: Variable duration of daylight and darkness in the year. Blooming: Process affected by the photoperiod. Geotropism: The plant’s response to gravity. Thigmotropism: The plant’
Read MoreTransformation of Spanish Cities: 19th and 20th Centuries
Internal Reform and Enlargement of Historic Centers
Using the example of Haussmann’s Paris, Spain applied similar, albeit more modest, urban policies in the late 19th century. “Great Roads” began to be built to sanitize old quarters, improving accessibility and social control, and creating better housing or commercial premises. These large tracts had different goals in different cities, often moving old neighbors to peripheral sites, initiating a process of urban segregation. While different social
Read MoreCriminal Trial: Procedures, Evidence, and Principles
LESSON 15: THE TRIAL
1. Functions: Time of Trial
Written claims in determining qualification to judge the facts, practice test for demonstration or refutation of the final precision – Celebration and advertising pretensions.
2. Constitutional Principle, Statutory Exceptions (120 EC)
Principle of publicity, punishment invalidity (680). Reasons: political control of governance, assurance of the accused. Exceptions: Reasons of morality or public order, or respect for the person offended by the crime or
Read MoreTransfer of Obligations: Assignment, Subrogation, and Novation
**Means of Transmission of Obligations**
Obligations are likely to be alienated, but the transmission of a receivable or a debt necessarily implies a change in the duty structure, which occurs by changing or replacing one of the subjects in the legal relationship, either the creditor or the debtor. There are three ways to transmit obligations: the transfer of rights, subrogation, and assignment of debts.
**Assignment of Rights**
There will be a transfer of rights when the creditor transfers to another
Read MorePlant Reactions, Hormones, Movements, and Seed Development
Item 12: The Function of Relation
The function of relation consists of the capacity that living things have to capture internal and external stimuli and prepare responses that ensure their survival. The reaction usually occurs with a movement or by secreting hormones. Plants detect stimuli because they have specialized cells that function as receptors, and these receptors are found in the epidermis of organs.
Types of Receptors
There are different types of receptors depending on the stimulus:
- Photoreceptors
Chemistry: Matter, Properties, and Chemical Changes
Chemistry: A Physical Science
Science is the knowledge obtained by observing natural events and conditions to discover facts and formulate laws or principles. Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes. A chemical is any substance with a definite composition.
Branches of Chemistry
- Organic Chemistry: The study of materials with carbon.
- Inorganic Chemistry: The study of non-organic
Spain’s Tumultuous 20th Century: Dictatorship, Republic, and Civil War
Primo de Rivera
Among the events of this period are the following:
- General Primo de Rivera rose up, ostensibly to save the country, but in reality, it was to save the dying monarchy of Alfonso XIII.
- The goal of the dictatorship for the ruling class was to clean up the mess left by previous governments and give a new image to the country.
- The dictatorship had significant achievements in the economy. It tried to create a state-controlled economic sector by merging public and private capital into a single
Collective Unit Representation and Strike Rights
Collective Unit Representation
Works as a Whole: This applies to companies with two or more workplaces in the same province or nearby, without reaching 50 employees per site, but with a total of more than 50 workers combined.
Intercentre Committee: In companies where there are already several committees, an intercentre committee can be established by collective agreement. This committee has a maximum of 13 members drawn from the various committees for each center.
Skills of Staff and Works Council
Read MoreCatholic Principles: Virtues, Morals, and Social Teachings
Catholic School Teaching
Catholic school teaching mixes learning with Catholic beliefs. The founding principle of Catholic school teachings is to educate students in faith, knowledge, and moral values based on Catholic teachings.
Virtues
Virtues are good qualities that help people live right. The two types are:
- Cardinal virtues: Good judgment, fairness, courage, and self-control.
- Theological virtues: Belief, hope, and love.
Morals
Morals are rules about right and wrong behavior.
Conscience
Conscience is
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